Manipulation of Interface Recombination via Multi‐Site Passivator for Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

Abstract Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown remarkable progress in laboratory‐scale devices, but their scalability to large‐area perovskite solar modules (PSMs) remains challenging due to significant performance loss. Here, a multi‐site passivation strategy is reported by employing Bis(2,5‐dioxopyrrolidin‐1‐yl) 2,2′‐(propane‐2,2‐diylbis(sulfanediyl)) diacetate (TK‐NHS) as an interfacial modifier to address the critical issues of interface recombination and stability in both PSCs and PSMs. TK‐NHS effectively inactivates common defects, by modifying the surface of perovskite films through multi‐site synergistical interactions. Additionally, a stable dipole layer formed at the interface optimizes energy level alignment, facilitating efficient electron extraction and transport. The resulting perovskite film exhibited a smoother and more homogeneous surface, thus improving interface contact and reducing nonradiative recombination. Consequently, TK‐NHS‐treated PSCs achieved a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.16%, with significantly improved open‐circuit voltage (V_oc) of 1.188 V and fill factor (FF) of 85.3%. The scalable potential of this multi‐site passivation strategy has been verified by corresponding PSMs, delivering an impressive PCE of 22.25%. Notably, the devices exhibited exceptional operational stability, retaining 91.4% and 90% of their initial PCE after 1000 and 800 h of continuous illumination, respectively. Thereby advancing the progress of the scaled‐up production of PSCs to modules.