Charge Polarization Tunable Interfaces for Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

Abstract Interfacial localized charges and interfacial losses from incompatible underlayers are critical factors limiting the efficiency improvement and market‐integration of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a novel interfacial chemical tuning strategy is proposed involving proton transfer between the amine head of pyridoxamine (PM) and the phosphonic acid anchoring group of [4‐(3,6‐dimethyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me‐4PACz), with simultaneous enhancement of charge delocalization through electrostatic attraction between opposite charged molecules. The Me‐4PACz‐PM charge polarization interface modulates the nickel oxide (NiO _x ) charge states and the coordination environment at buried interfaces, consequently enhancing p‐type conductivity and obtaining a more compatible band arrangement. The high‐coverage and wettability of the NiO _x /Me‐4PACz‐PM underlayer also facilitate the deposition of high‐quality perovskite films, releasing lattice strain and mitigating trap‐assisted non‐radiative recombination. Attributing to the implementation of charge polarization tunable interfaces, small‐area devices and modules with an aperture area of 69 cm ² achieved impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 26.34% (certified 25.48%) and 21.94% (certified 20.50%), respectively, and unencapsulated devices maintained their initial PCEs ≈90% after aging for 2000 h (ISOS‐L‐1) and 1500 h (ISOS‐D‐1). The broad applicability of charge polarization tunable interfaces and the successful scaling of large‐area modules provide a reference for expanding PSCs applications.