Cold Sintered ABO₃-Type Materials: Crystal Structure Design and Dielectric Anomalies

The functional ABO₃ structured materials can be processed by high-temperature sintering methods like conventional solid state, pressure-assisted and liquid phase sintering. It is necessary to adapt energy efficient sintering methods for the improvement of densification and crystalline properties of electroceramics. Among these, a low-temperature pressure-assisted cold sintering method is one of the wise approaches for the fabrication of perovskite-based, ABO₃ type oxide materials. This article aims to explore an in-depth analysis of cold sintering approaches among several ABO₃ structured materials. The cold sintering techniques of various recently emerging perovskites are summarized. The parameters influencing the cold sintering process, low-temperature densification mechanisms, and crystal structure designs were detailed. A comprehensive discussion on the dielectric consolidation principles of few functional perovskites was performed. The advantages & disadvantages of conventional and cold sintering methods were deliberated. It is speculated that energy efficient cold sintering ABO₃ materials will play a vital role in future electronic industries.