PTAA/Perovskite Contact-Area Reduced Solar Modules

Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in ambient air is important toward widespread industrial adoption. While spiro-OMeTAD-based PSCs perform well, they lack long-term stability, and alternative hole transport layers often trade efficiency for durability. Here we report high molecular weight poly(triarylamine) (HMW PTAA)-based PSCs fabricated in ambient air using scalable techniques, achieving 23.7% efficiency for 0.049 cm 2 solar cells and 22.2% for 10.23 cm 2 mini-modules, representing, to our knowledge, the highest values reported for scalable n-i-p PTAA-based perovskite photovoltaics made in ambient conditions. The HMW PTAA spontaneously forms a contact-area-reduced (CAR) interface with perovskite, enhancing charge collection and suppressing recombination. Despite reduced adhesion, the CAR interface improves PSC stability; devices retain 83% of their efficiency after 1000 h of operation at maximum power point at 55 ± 5 °C, and 77% after 1100 h of thermal stress at 85 °C. We attribute this resilience to strain-relieving interfacial voids created by the CAR interface.