Wireless Electric Cues Mediate Autologous DPSC‐Loaded Conductive Hydrogel Microspheres to Engineer the Immuno‐Angiogenic Niche for Homologous Maxillofacial Bone Regeneration

Abstract Stem cell therapy serves as an effective treatment for bone regeneration. Nevertheless, stem cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood are still lacking homologous properties. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are derived from neural crest, in coincidence with maxillofacial tissues, thus attracting great interest in in situ maxillofacial regenerative medicine. However, insufficient number and heterogenous alteration of seed cells retard further exploration of DPSC‐based tissue engineering. Electric stimulation has recently attracted great interest in tissue regeneration. In this study, a novel DPSC‐loaded conductive hydrogel microspheres integrated with wireless electric generator is fabricated. Application of exogenous electric cues can promote stemness maintaining and heterogeneity suppression for unpredictable differentiation of encapsulated DPSCs. Further investigations observe that electric signal fine‐tunes regenerative niche by improvement on DPSC‐mediated paracrine pattern, evidenced by enhanced angiogenic behavior and upregulated anti‐inflammatory macrophage polarization. By wireless electric stimulation on implanted conductive hydrogel microspheres, loaded DPSCs facilitates the construction of immuno‐angiogenic niche at early stage of tissue repair, and further contributes to advanced autologous mandibular bone defect regeneration. This novel strategy of DPSC‐based tissue engineering exhibits promising translational and therapeutic potential for autologous maxillofacial tissue regeneration.