A narrative review of the synthesis, characterization, and applications of iron oxide nanoparticles
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The significance of green synthesized nanomaterials with a uniform shape, reduced sizes, superior mechanical capabilities, phase microstructure, magnetic behavior, and superior performance cannot be overemphasized. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are found within the size range of 1–100 nm in nanomaterials and have a diverse range of applications in fields such as biomedicine, wastewater purification, and environmental remediation. Nevertheless, the understanding of their fundamental material composition, chemical reactions, toxicological properties, and research methodologies is constrained and extensively elucidated during their practical implementation. The importance of producing IONPs using advanced nanofabrication techniques that exhibit strong potential for disease therapy, microbial pathogen control, and elimination of cancer cells is underscored by the adoption of the green synthesis approach. These IONPs can serve as viable alternatives for soil remediation and the elimination of environmental contaminants. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the research conducted on different types of IONPs and IONP composite-based materials. It examines the synthesis methods and characterization techniques employed in these studies and also addresses the obstacles encountered in prior investigations with comparable objectives. A green engineering strategy was proposed for the synthesis, characterization, and application of IONPs and their composites with reduced environmental impact. Additionally, the influence of their phase structure, magnetic properties, biocompatibility, toxicity, milling time, nanoparticle size, and shape was also discussed. The study proposes the use of biological and physicochemical methods as a more viable alternative nanofabrication strategy that can mitigate the limitations imposed by the conventional methods of IONP synthesis.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications · Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery · Nanomaterials for catalytic reactions
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Gopal SV, Mini R, Jothy VB, Joe IH. Synthesis and characterization of Iron oxide nanoparticles using DMSO as a stabilizer. Mater Today: Proc. 2015;2(3):1051–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.06.036.10.1016/j.matpr.2015.06.036 ↗
2. Rivas-Sánchez ML, Alva-Valdivia LM, Arenas-Alatorre J, Urrutia-Fucugauchi J, Perrin M, Goguitchaichvili A, Molina MAR. Natural magnetite nanoparticles from an iron-ore deposit: size dependence on magnetic properties. Earth, Planets Space. 2009;61(1):151–60. https://doi.org/10.1186/bf03352895.10.1186/bf03352895 ↗
3. Sebehanie KG, del Rosario AV, Ali AY, Femi OE. Production of magnetite nanoparticles from Ethiopian iron ore using solvent extraction and studying parameters that affect crystallite size. Mater Res Express. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abc2df.10.1088/2053-1591/abc2df ↗
4. Wierzbinski KR, Szymanski T, Rozwadowska N, Rybka JD, Zimna A, Zalewski T, Kurpisz MK. Potential use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging of human myoblasts. Sci Rep. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22018-0.10.1038/s41598-018-22018-0 ↗
5. Li J, Shi X, Shen M. Hydrothermal synthesis and functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles for MR imaging applications. Part Part Syst Charact. 2014;31(12):1223–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201400087.10.1002/ppsc.201400087 ↗
6. Wu J-H, Ko SP, Liu H-L, Kim S, Ju J-S, Kim YK. Sub 5 nm magnetite nanoparticles: synthesis, microstructure, and magnetic properties. Mater Lett. 2007;61(14–15):3124–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.11.032.10.1016/j.matlet.2006.11.032 ↗
7. Reich M, Utsunomiya S, Kesler SE, Wang L, Ewing RC, Becker U. Thermal behaviour of metal nanoparticles in geologic materials. Geology. 2006;34(12):1033. https://doi.org/10.1130/g22829a.1.10.1130/g22829a.1 ↗
8. Frandsen C, Mørup S. Reversible aggregation and magnetic coupling of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. J Phys: Condens Matter. 2006;18(31):7079–84. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/18/31/003.10.1088/0953-8984/18/31/003 ↗
9. Lu A-H, Salabas EL, Schüth F. Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2007;46(8):1222–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200602866.10.1002/anie.200602866 ↗
10. Yang H-H, Zhang SQ, Chen XL, Zhuang ZX, Xu JG, Wang XR. Magnetite-containing spherical silica nanoparticles for biocatalysis and bioseparations. Anal Chem. 2004;76(5):1316–21. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac034920m.10.1021/ac034920m ↗
11. Wu S, Sun A, Zhai F, Wang J, Xu W, Zhang Q, Volinsky AA. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles synthesis from tailings by ultrasonic chemical co-precipitation. Mater Lett. 2011;65(12):1882–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.03.065.10.1016/j.matlet.2011.03.065 ↗
12. Lee B, Koo S. Preparation of silver nanoparticles on the surface of fine magnetite particles by a chemical reduction. J Ind Eng Chem. 2011;17(4):762–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2011.05.030.10.1016/j.jiec.2011.05.030 ↗
13. Lian S, Wang E, Kang Z, Bai Y, Gao L, Jiang M, Xu L. Synthesis of magnetite nanorods and porous hematite nanorods. Solid State Commun. 2004;129(8):485–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2003.11.043.10.1016/j.ssc.2003.11.043 ↗
14. Darezereshki E, Khodadadi Darban A, Abdollahy M. Synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles from iron ore tailings using a novel reduction-precipitation method. J Alloy Compounds. 2018;15(749):336–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.278.10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.278 ↗
15. Suh YJ, Do MT, Kil DS, Jang HD, Cho K. Production of high-purity magnetite nanoparticles from a low-grade iron ore via solvent extraction. Korean Chem Eng Res. 2015;53(1):39–45. https://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2015.53.1.39.10.9713/kcer.2015.53.1.39 ↗
16. Pérez N, López-Calahorra F, Labarta A, Batlle X. Reduction of iron by decarboxylation in the formation of magnetite nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011;13(43):19485. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp20457b.10.1039/c1cp20457b ↗
17. Cho D-W, Song H, Schwartz FW, Kim B, Jeon BH. The role of magnetite nanoparticles in the reduction of nitrate in groundwater by zero-valent iron. Chemosphere. 2015;125:41–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01 ↗
18. Zhu K, Ju Y, Xu J, Yang Z, Gao S, Hou Y. Magnetic nanomaterials: chemical design, synthesis, and potential applications. Acc Chem Res. 2018;51(2):404–13. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00407.10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00407 ↗
19. Marciello M, Luengo Y, Morales MP. Iron oxide nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanoarchitectonics Smart Deliv Drug Target. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-47347-7.00024-0.10.1016/b978-0-323-47347-7.00024-0 ↗
20. Lu S, Sun Y, Chen C. Adsorption of radionuclides on carbon-based nanomaterials. Emerging Nat Tailored Nanomater Radioact Waste Treat Environ Remediation - Princ Methodol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102727-1.00004-2.10.1016/b978-0-08-102727-1.00004-2 ↗
21. Soshnikova Y, Omelchenko A, Shekhter A, Sobol E. Magnetite nanoparticles for diagnostics and laser repair of cartilage. Nanobiomater Hard Tissue Eng. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-42862-0.00015-8.10.1016/b978-0-323-42862-0.00015-8 ↗
22. Epherre R, Goglio G, Mornet S, Duguet E. Hybrid magnetic nanoparticles for targeted delivery. Compr Biomater. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-055294-1.00145-8.10.1016/b978-0-08-055294-1.00145-8 ↗
23. Takai ZI, Mustafa MK, Asman S. Synthesis and characterization of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with different levels of aniline dimer-COOH by Co-precipitation method. Nanosci Nanotech: Nano-SciTech. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5124670.10.1063/1.5124670 ↗
24. Unni M, Uhl AM, Savliwala S, Savitzky BH, Dhavalikar R, Garraud N, Lena F, Andrew JS, Rinaldi CR. Thermal decomposition synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles with diminished magnetic dead layer by controlled addition of oxygen. ACS Nano. 2017;11(2):2284–303. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b00609.10.1021/acsnano.7b00609 ↗
25. Huelser TP, Wiggers H, Ifeacho P, Dmitrieva O, Dumpich G, Lorke A. Morphology, structure and electrical properties of iron nanochains. Nanotechnology. 2006;17(13):3111–5. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/13/005.10.1088/0957-4484/17/13/005 ↗
26. Saif S, Tahir A, Chen Y. Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles and their environmental applications and implications. Nanomaterials. 2016;6(11):209. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110209.10.3390/nano6110209 ↗
27. Natarajan S, Harini K, Gajula GP, Sarmento B, Neves-Petersen MT, Thiagarajan V. Multifunctional magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: diverse synthetic approaches, surface modifications, cytotoxicity towards biomedical and industrial applications. BMC Materials. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42833-019-0002-6.10.1186/s42833-019-0002-6 ↗
28. Rosen JE, Chan L, Shieh DB, Gu FX. Iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted cancer imaging and diagnostics. Nanomed Nanotech Biol Med. 2012;8(3):275–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2011.08.017.10.1016/j.nano.2011.08.017 ↗
29. Kolhatkar A, Jamison A, Litvinov D, Willson R, Lee T. Tuning the magnetic properties of nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(8):15977–6009. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140815977.10.3390/ijms140815977 ↗
30. Khan I, Saeed K, Khan I. Nanoparticles: properties, applications and toxicities. Arab J Chem. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011.10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011 ↗
31. Jalil Z, Rahwanto A, Mulana F, Handoko E. Synthesis of nano-hematite (Fe2O3) extracted from natural iron ore prepared by the mechanical alloying method. Nanosci Nanotech: Nano-Scitech. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5124671.10.1063/1.5124671 ↗
32. Ganapathe LS, Mohamed MA, Mohamad Yunus R, Berhanuddin DD. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles in biomedical application: from synthesis to surface functionalisation. Magnetochemistry. 2020;6(4):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry60400.10.3390/magnetochemistry60400 ↗
33. Ali A, Zafar H, Zia M, Haq I, Phull AR, Ali JS, Hussain A. Synthesis, characterization, applications, and challenges of iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanotechnol Sci Appl. 2016;9:49–67. https://doi.org/10.2147/nsa.s99986.10.2147/nsa.s99986 ↗
34. Petrovský S, Holliger N, Pfromm PH, Liu B, Chikan V. Size-controlled synthesis of iron and iron oxide nanoparticles by the rapid inductive heating method. ACS Omega. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02793.10.1021/acsomega.0c02793 ↗
35. Singh K, Raman RK. Mechanical alloying of elemental powders into nanocrystalline (NC) Fe-Cr alloys: remarkable oxidation resistance of NC alloys. MPDI Metals. 2021;46(11):695. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11050695.10.3390/met11050695 ↗
36. Mohapatra M, Anand S. Synthesis and applications of nano-structured iron oxides/hydroxides – a review. Int J Eng Sci Technol. 2011. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v2i8.63846.10.4314/ijest.v2i8.63846 ↗
37. Irfan I, Ezaz G, Ammara N, Aysha B. Detail review on chemical, physical and green synthesis, classification, characterizations and applications of nanoparticles. Green Chem Lett Rev. 2020;13(3):59–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2020.1802517.10.1080/17518253.2020.1802517 ↗
38. Guo D, Xie G, Luo J. Mechanical properties of nanoparticles: basics and applications. J Phys D: Appl Phys. 2013;47(1):013001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/47/1/013001.10.1088/0022-3727/47/1/013001 ↗
39. Satyanarayana T, Reddy TS. A review on chemical and physical synthesis methods of nanomaterials. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol. 2018;13(3):59–81.
40. Ali A, Zafar H, Zia M, Haq I, Phull AR, Ali JS, Hussain A. Synthesis, characterization, applications, and challenges of iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanotech, Sci Appl. 2016;9:49–67. https://doi.org/10.2147/nsa.s99986.10.2147/nsa.s99986 ↗
41. Samrot AV, Sahithya CS, Selvarani AJ, Purayil SK, Ponnaiah P. A review on synthesis characterization and potential biological applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Curr Res Green Sustain Chem. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2020.100042.10.1016/j.crgsc.2020.100042 ↗
42. Wu W, He Q, Jiang C. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis and surface functionalization strategies. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2008;3(11):397–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11671-008-9174-9.10.1007/s11671-008-9174-9 ↗
43. Dobson J. Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery. Drug Dev Res. 2006;67(1):55–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.20067.10.1002/ddr.20067 ↗
44. Wu W, Wu Z, Yu T, Jiang C, Kim W-S. Recent progress on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, surface functional strategies and biomedical applications. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2015;16(2):023501. https://doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/16/2/023501.10.1088/1468-6996/16/2/023501 ↗
45. Xu P, Zeng GM, Huang DL, Feng CL, Hu S, Zhao MH, Lai C, Wei Z, Huang C, Xie GX, Liu ZF. Use of iron oxide nanomaterials in wastewater treatment: a review. Sci Total Environ. 2012;424:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02 ↗
46. Gul S, Khan SB, Rehman IU, Khan MA, Khan MI. A comprehensive review of magnetic nanomaterials modern day theranostics. Front Mater. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2019.00179.10.3389/fmats.2019.00179 ↗
47. Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Jameel MS. Recent advances in inorganic nanomaterials synthesis using sonochemistry: a comprehensive review on iron oxide, gold and iron oxide coated gold nanoparticles. Molecules. 2021;26:2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092453.10.3390/molecules26092453 ↗
48. Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Jameel MS, Noqta OA, Khaniabadi PM, Mehrdel B. Potential of a sonochemical approach to generate MRI-PPT theranostic agents for breast cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021;33:102177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102177.10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102177 ↗
49. Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Jameel MS, Noqta OA, Khaniabadi PM, Mehrdel B. Excellent relaxivity and X-ray attenuation combo properties of Fe3O4@Au CSNPs produced via Rapid sonochemical synthesis for MRI and CT imaging. Mater Today Commun. 2020;25:101368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.10136.10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.10136 ↗
50. Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Jameel MS, Noqta OA, Khaniabadi PM, Mehrdel B. Gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticles as a potential photothermal therapy agent to enhance eradication of breast cancer cells. J Phys Conf Ser. 2020;1497:102003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1497/1/012003.10.1088/1742-6596/1497/1/012003 ↗
51. Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Jameel MS, Noqta OA, Khaniabadi PM, Mehrdel B. Simple rapid stabilization method through citric acid modification for magnetite nanoparticles. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):10793. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67869-8.10.1038/s41598-020-67869-8 ↗
52. Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Jameel MS, Noqta OA, Khaniabadi PM, Mehrdel B. Mechanisms of effective gold shell on Fe3O4 core nanoparticles formation using sonochemistry method. Ultrasonics Sonochem. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104865.10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104865 ↗
53. Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Jameel MS. Synthesis and optimization of the sonochemical method for functionalizing gold shell on Fe3O4 core nanoparticles using response surface methodology. Surf Interfaces. 2020;21:100647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100647.10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100647 ↗
54. Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Jameel MS, Noqta OA, Khaniabadi PM, Mehrdel B. Synthesis and coating methods of biocompatible iron oxide/gold nanoparticle and nanocomposite for biomedical applications. Chin J Phys. 2020;64:305–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjph.2019.11.014.10.1016/j.cjph.2019.11.014 ↗
55. Kheshtzar R, Berenjian A, Taghizadeh S-M, Ghasemi Y, Asad AG, Ebrahiminezhad A. Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero-valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles. Green Process Synth. 2019;8(1):846–55. https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2019-0055.10.1515/gps-2019-0055 ↗
56. Choi WI, Kim J-Y, Heo SU, Jeong YY, Kim YH, Tae G. The effect of mechanical properties of iron oxide nanoparticle-loaded functional nano-carrier on tumour targeting and imaging. J Control Release. 2012;162(2):267–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.020.10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.020 ↗
57. Seabra AB, Pelegrino MT, Haddad PS. Antimicrobial applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanostruct Antimicrob Ther. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-46152-8.00024-x.10.1016/b978-0-323-46152-8.00024-x ↗
58. Andrade RGD, Veloso SRS, Castanheira EMS. Shape anisotropic iron oxide-based magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis and biomedical applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7):2455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072455.10.3390/ijms21072455 ↗
59. Luo S, Ma C, Zhu M-Q, Ju W-N, Yang Y, Wang X. Application of iron oxide nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with emphasis on Alzheimer’s disease. Front Cell Neurosci. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.00021.10.3389/fncel.2020.00021 ↗
60. Friedrich RP, Cicha I, Alexiou C. Iron oxide nanoparticles in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Nanomaterials. 2021;11:2337. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092337.10.3390/nano11092337 ↗
61. Lu D, Wu X, Wang W, Ma C, Pei B, Wu S. Synthesis and application of iron oxide nanoparticles in bone tissue repair. J Nanomater. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3762490.10.1155/2021/3762490 ↗
62. Cortajarena AL, Ortega D, Ocampo SM, Gonzalez-García A, Couleaud P, Miranda R, Ayuso-Sacido A. Engineering iron oxide nanoparticles for clinical settings. Nanobiomedicine. 2014;1:2. https://doi.org/10.5772/58841.10.5772/58841 ↗
63. Couto D, Freitas M, Carvalho F, Fernandes E. Iron oxide nanoparticles: an insight into their biomedical applications. Curr Med Chem. 2015;22:1808–28. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867322666150311151403.10.2174/0929867322666150311151403 ↗
64. Maharramov AM, Alieva IN, Abbasova GD, Ramazanov MA, Nabiyev NS, Saboktakina MR. Iron oxide nanoparticles in drug delivery systems. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct. 2011;6(2):419–31.
65. Ahmed MS, Bin Salam A, Yates C, Willian K, Jaynes J, Turner T, Abdalla M. Double-receptor-targeting multifunctional iron oxide nanoparticles drug delivery system for the treatment and imaging of prostate cancer. Int J Nanomed. 2017;12:6973–84. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s139011.10.2147/ijn.s139011 ↗
66. Ovid’ko IA, and Pande CS and Masumura RA,. Grain boundaries in nanomaterials. Taylor Francis. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420004014.ch18.10.1201/9781420004014.ch18 ↗
67. Afshari V, Dehghanian C. The influence of grain size of pure iron metal on corrosion inhibition in presence of sodium nitrite. Int J Mod Phys Conf Ser. 2012;05:793–800. https://doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512002760.10.1142/s2010194512002760 ↗
68. Marcu A, Pop S, Dumitrache F, Mocanu M, Niculite CM, Gherghiceanu M, Morjan I. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as drug delivery system in breast cancer. Appl Surf Sci. 2013;281:60–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.02.072.10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.02.072 ↗
69. Kumar P, Agnihotri S, Roy I. Preparation and characterization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetically guided drug delivery. Int J Nanomed. 2018;13:43–6. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s125002.10.2147/ijn.s125002 ↗
70. Powell CD, Atkinson AJ, Ma Y, Marcos-Hernandez M, Villagran D, Westerhoff P, Wong MS. Magnetic nanoparticle recovery device (MagNERD) enables application of iron oxide nanoparticles for water treatment. J Nanopart Res. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-4770-4.10.1007/s11051-020-4770-4 ↗
71. Ahmad NS, Radiman S, Yaacob WZ. Stability and transportation of iron oxide nanoparticles in subsurface water and soil. ASM Sci J. 2021;14:1–9. https://doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2020.488.10.32802/asmscj.2020.488 ↗
72. Aragaw TA, Bogale FM, Aragaw BA. Iron-based nanoparticles in wastewater treatment: a review on synthesis methods, applications, and removal mechanisms. J Saudi Chem Soc. 2021;25(8):101280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101280.10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101280 ↗
73. Santhosh C, Malathi A, Dhaneshvar E, Bhatnagar A, Grace AN, Madhavan J. Iron oxide nanomaterials for water purification. Nanoscale Mater Water Purif. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813926-4.00022-7.10.1016/b978-0-12-813926-4.00022-7 ↗
74. Subha V, Divya K, Gayathri S, et al. Applications of iron oxide nanocomposite in wastewater treatment–dye decolourisation and antimicrobial activity. MOJ Drug Des Develop Ther. 2018;2(5):178–84. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojddt.2018.02.00058.10.15406/mojddt.2018.02.00058 ↗
75. Tiwari DK, Behari J, Sen P. Application of nanoparticles in waste water treatment. World Appl Sci J. 2008;3(3):417–33.
76. Singh S, Kumar V, Romero R, Sharma K, Singh J. Applications of nanoparticles in wastewater treatment. In: Prasad R, Kumar V, Kumar M, Choudhary D, editors. Nanobiotechnology in bioformulations. Springer, Cham: Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences; 2019.
77. Krispin M, Ullrich A, Horn S. Crystal structure of iron-oxide nanoparticles synthesized from ferritin. J Nanopart Res. 2012;14(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-011-0669-4.10.1007/s11051-011-0669-4 ↗
78. Ismail I, Balachandran S, Devi MG. Synthesis, characterization and application of nanoparticles in wastewater treatment. Indian Chem Eng. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2018.1469099.10.1080/00194506.2018.1469099 ↗
79. Zelić E, Vuković Z, Halkijević I. Application of nanotechnology in wastewater treatment. J Croatian Assoc Civil Eng. 2018;70(04):315–23. https://doi.org/10.14256/jce.2165.2017.10.14256/jce.2165.2017 ↗
80. Mai TN, Tetsu Y. Sputtering onto a liquid: interesting physical preparation method for multi-metallic nanoparticles. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2018;19:883–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2018.1542926.10.1080/14686996.2018.1542926 ↗
81. Nie M, Sun K, Meng DD. Formation of metal nanoparticles by short-distance sputters deposition in a reactive ion etching chamber. J Appl Phys. 2009;106(5):054314. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3211326.10.1063/1.3211326 ↗
82. Acsente T, Gabriela Carpen L, Matei E, Bita B, Negrea R, Bernard E, Dinescu G. Tungsten nanoparticles produced by magnetron sputtering gas aggregation: process characterization and particle properties. Progress Fine Part Plasmas. 2020. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91733.10.5772/intechopen.91733 ↗
83. Nakagawa K, Narushima T, Udagawa S, Yonezawa T. Preparation of copper nanoparticles in liquid by matrix sputtering process. J Phys Conf Ser. 2013;417:012038. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/417/1/012038.10.1088/1742-6596/417/1/012038 ↗
84. Aubry E, Liu T, Dekens A, Perry F, Mangin S, Hauet T, Billard A. Synthesis of iron oxide films by reactive magnetron sputtering assisted by plasma emission monitoring. Mater Chem Phys. 2019;223:360–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.11.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.11 ↗
85. Kumpika T, Ruˇcman S, Polin S, Kantarak E, Sroila W, Thongsuwan W, Panthawan A, Sanmuangmoon P, Jhuntama N, Singjai P. Studies on the characteristics of nanostructures produced by sparking discharge process in the ambient atmosphere for air filtration application. Crystals. 2021;11:140. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020140.10.3390/cryst11020140 ↗
86. Drmota A, Drofenik M, Koselj J, Nidari A. Microemulsion method for synthesis of magnetic oxide nanoparticles. Microemulsions - Introduction Properties Appl. 2012. https://doi.org/10.5772/36154.10.5772/36154 ↗
87. Mitar I, Guć L, Soldin Ž, Vrankić M, Paut A, Prkić A, Krehula S. Rapid microwave method for synthesis of iron oxide particles under specific conditions. Crystals. 2021;11(4):383. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040383.10.3390/cryst11040383 ↗
88. Rivera-Chaverra MJ, Restrepo-Parra E, Acosta-Medina CD, Mello A, Ospina R. Synthesis of oxide iron nanoparticles using laser ablation for possible hyperthermia applications. Nanomaterials. 2020;10(11):2099. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10112099.10.3390/nano10112099 ↗
89. Sathya K, Saravanathamizhan R, Baskar G. Ultrasound-assisted photosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles. Ultrason Sonochem. 2017;39:446–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.05.01.10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.05.01 ↗
90. Masthoff I-C, Kraken M, Menzel D, Litterst FJ, Garnweitner G. Study of the growth of hydrophilic iron oxide nanoparticles obtained via the non-aqueous sol-gel method. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol. 2015;77(3):553–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3883-1.10.1007/s10971-015-3883-1 ↗
91. Wen D, Song P, Zhang K, Qian J. Thermal oxidation of iron nanoparticles and its implication for chemical-looping combustion. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2010;86(3):375–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2526.10.1002/jctb.2526 ↗
92. Suryanarayana C. Synthesis of nanocomposites by mechanical alloying. J Alloy Compd. 2011;509:S229–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.09.063.10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.09.063 ↗
93. Olekšáková D, Kollár P, Füzer J, Kusý M, Roth S, Polanski K. The influence of mechanical milling on the structure and soft magnetic properties of NiFe and NiFeMo alloys. J Magn Magn Mater. 2007;316(2):e838–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2007.03.111.10.1016/j.jmmm.2007.03.111 ↗
94. Tulinski M, Jurczyk M. Nanomaterials synthesis methods. Metrol Standardization Nanotech Protoc Indus Innov. 2017;15:75–98.
95. Glasgow W, Fellows B, Qi B, Darroudi T, Kitchens C, Ye L, Mefford OT. Continuous synthesis of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles via thermal decomposition. Particuology. 2016;26:47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2015.09.011.10.1016/j.partic.2015.09.011 ↗
96. Dixit S, Jeevanandam P. Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by thermal decomposition approach. Adv Mater Res. 2009;67:221–6. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/am.10.4028/www.scientific.net/am ↗
97. Chen Z. Size and shape controllable synthesis of monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of iron oleate complex. Synth React Inorg, Met-Org, Nano-Met Chem. 2012;42(7):1040–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/15533174.2012.680126.10.1080/15533174.2012.680126 ↗
98. Amara D, Margel S. Synthesis and characterization of elemental iron and iron oxide nano/micro composite particles by thermal decomposition of ferrocene. Nanotechnol Rev. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2012-0061.10.1515/ntrev-2012-0061 ↗
99. Toyos-Rodríguez C, Calleja-García J, Torres-Sánchez L, López A, Abu-Dief AM, Costa A, Elbaile L, Crespo RD, Garitaonandia JS, Lastra E, García JA, García-Alonso FJ. A simple and reliable synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3. J Nanomater. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2464010.10.1155/2019/2464010 ↗
100. Maity D, Kale SN, Kaul-Ghanekar R, Xue J-M, Ding J. Studies of magnetite nanoparticles synthesized by thermal decomposition of iron (III) acetylacetonate in tri(ethylene glycol). J Magn Magn Mater. 2009;321(19):3093–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.05.020.10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.05.020 ↗