Enhanced antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant potential of ciprofloxacin-loaded SDS-capped silver nanoparticles against resistant bacterial strains
Source abstract
Abstract
Nanotechnology is becoming critical in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria infections. Ciprofloxacin was repurposed in this research by conjugation to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-capped silver nanoparticles (Cip-SDS-AgNPs) to promote antimicrobial activity. Nano-conjugates were chemically reduced with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and stabilized by SDS; reduction of Ag+ to elemental silver formed a deep yellow colloid, which changed to a deep orange after loading with ciprofloxacin, which demonstrated successful incorporation. The evaluation of antibacterial activity was conducted against Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes) resistant bacteria. Among all the formulations, Cip-SDS-AgNPs demonstrated better inhibition zones (E. coli 28 mm; P. aeruginosa 25 mm; S. aureus 32 mm; L. monocytogenes 37 mm) than SDS-AgNPs, unmodified AgNPs and free ciprofloxacin. UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR and SEM were used to confirm the morphology, surface characterization, and stability of nanoparticle formulations. Cip-SDS-AgNPs also displayed the highest anti-biofilm activity (tube assay and tissue-culture plate method) and a strong antioxidant potential in DPPH assay (85% scavenging at 100 ugmL-1), compared to SDS-AgNPs, and bare AgNPs. P. aeruginosa was found to be the most susceptible via MIC and MBC determination (MIC 25 ugmL-1; MBC 50 ugmL-1), demonstrating the enhanced potency of Cip-SDS-AgNPs against prominent clinical bacterial strains. The formulation demonstrates the potential as a biocompatible, non-toxic carrier of effective drug delivery and increased antimicrobial efficacy. This study provides a new approach of repurposing ciprofloxacin by conjugation with nanoparticles, which offers a dual-action system with increased anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm performance against resistant strains.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications · Advanced Nanomaterials in Catalysis · Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (51)
Show source-provided references
1. Rasheed F, Almas S. Rising Antimicrobial Resistance In Pakistan: A Call For An Urgent Action. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(11):2300.10.47391/JPMA.10013 ↗
2. Eleraky NE, Allam A, Hassan SB, Omar MM. Nanomedicine Fight against Antibacterial Resistance: An Overview of the Recent Pharmaceutical Innovations. Pharm. 2020;12(2):142.
3. Acar J, Röstel B. Antimicrobial resistance: an overview. Rev Sci Tech. 2001;20(3):797–810.10.20506/rst.20.3.1309 ↗
4. Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Robles Aguilar G, Gray A, et al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399(10325):629–55.10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0 ↗
5. Wise R, Hart T, Cars O, Streulens M, Helmuth R, Huovinen P, et al. Antimicrob Resist BMJ. 1998;317(7159):609–10.
6. Ahmad FJ. Nanoparticles in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance. Pakistan Biomed J. 2022;1:1–01.10.54393/pbmj.v5i12.837 ↗
7. Zeeshan A, Farhan M•, Siddiqui A. Nanomedicine and drug delivery: a mini review. Int Nano Lett 2014 41. 2014;4(1):1–7.
8. Whitesides GM. The right size in nanobiotechnology. Nat Biotechnol 2003 2110. 2003;21(10):1161–5.
9. Wang L, Zhao W, Tan W. Bioconjugated silica nanoparticles: Development and applications. Nano Res 2008 12. 2008;1(2):99–115.
10. Kabanov AV, Lemieux P, Vinogradov S, Alakhov V. Pluronic® block copolymers: novel functional molecules for gene therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54(2):223–33.10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00018-2 ↗
11. Nishanth SKRN, AB ANRS, Nivedh K, Syed NH. Hepatitis B-surface antigen (HBsAg) vaccine fabricated chitosan-polyethylene glycol nanocomposite (HBsAg-CS-PEG- NC) preparation, immunogenicity, controlled release pattern, biocompatibility or non-target toxicity. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;144:978–94.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.175 ↗
12. Abiraamavalli T, Namasivayam SKR, Lavanya M, Priyanka S. Mechanistic Insights into the Anti-cancer Activity of Nanosulfur-Doped Zinc Oxide-Chitosan-PVA-PEG Nanocomposite in MDA-MB-231 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Bionanoscience. 2025;15(4):610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-025-02171-310.1007/s12668-025-02171-3 ↗
13. Sivasuriyan K, Karthick Raja Namasivayam S, Rajendiran S, G.S. AV. Biocompatible chitosan-starch bio-composite fabricated with Mukia maderaspatana metabolites: Preparation and evaluation for enhanced potential pharmacological activities. Next Mater. 2025;8:100911.10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.100911 ↗
14. Namasivayam S. Eco friendly, green route method for the preparation of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) mediated surface modified iron oxide nanoparticles (PEG-IONps) with potential biological activities. Environ Qual Manag. 2024;33(4):967–78.10.1002/tqem.22172 ↗
15. Varshan GSA, Namasivayam SKR. A Critical Review on Sustainable Formulation of Anti-quorum Sensing Compounds Using Nanotechnology Principles Against Candida albicans. Bionanoscience. 2025;15(1):161. . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-024-01685-610.1007/s12668-024-01685-6 ↗
16. Thai T, Salisbury BH, Zito PM. Ciprofloxacin StatPearls Publ. 2023
17. Chang MX, Zhang JF, Sun YH, Li RS, Lin XL, Yang L, et al. Contribution of Different Mechanisms to Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Salmonella spp. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:663731.10.3389/fmicb.2021.663731 ↗
18. Pelgrift RY, Friedman AJ. Nanotechnology as a therapeutic tool to combat microbial resistance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65(13–14):1803–15.10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.011 ↗
19. Jelinkova P, Mazumdar A, Sur VP, Kociova S, Dolezelikova K, Jimenez AMJ, et al. Nanoparticle-drug conjugates treating bacterial infections. J Control Release. 2019;307:166–85.10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.013 ↗
20. Raj LFAA, Annushrie A, Namasivayam SKR. Anti bacterial efficacy of photo catalytic active titanium di oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles synthesized via green science principles against food spoilage pathogenic bacteria. Microbe. 2025;7:100331.10.1016/j.microb.2025.100331 ↗
21. Raj LFAA, Pavithra R, Namasivayam SKR. Green route synthesis of highly stable zinc oxide nanoparticles using root extract of Andrographis paniculata and evaluation of their potential activities. Plant Nano Biol. 2025;12:100162.10.1016/j.plana.2025.100162 ↗
22. Lavanya M, Namasivayam SKR. Eco-friendly fabrication of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from Clitoria ternatea and their influence on plant growth parameters of Vigna mungo, soil nutrient dynamics and computational analysis. Plant Nano Biol. 2025;14:100200.10.1016/j.plana.2025.100200 ↗
23. Guzman MG, Dille J, Godet S. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction method and their antibacterial activity. Int J Chem Biomol Eng. 2009;2(3):104–11.
24. Kora AJ, Rastogi L. Enhancement of antibacterial activity of capped silver nanoparticles in combination with antibiotics, on model gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2013;1:871097.
25. Ibraheem D, Hussein N, Sulaiman G, Mohammed H, Khan R, Al Rugaie O. Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Silver Nanoparticles as Potent Nano-Antibiotics against Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria. Nanomaterials. 2022;12:1–25.10.3390/nano12162808 ↗
26. Khane Y, Benouis K, Albukhaty S, Sulaiman G, Abomughaid M, Ali A, et al. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Citrus limon Zest Extract: Characterization and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties. Nanomaterials. 2022;12:2013.10.3390/nano12122013 ↗
27. Hussein NN. Detection of the antibacterial activity of agnps biosynthesized by, pseudomonas aeruginosa. Iraqi J Agric Sci. 2019;50:617–25.10.36103/ijas.v50i3.711 ↗
28. deka N. Comparison of Tissue Culture plate method, Tube Method and Congo Red Agar Method for the detection of biofilm formation by Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus isolated from Non-clinical Isolates. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2014;3:810–5.
29. Harika K, Shenoy VP, Narasimhaswamy N, Chawla K. Detection of Biofilm Production and Its Impact on Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Chronic Wound Infections. J Glob Infect Dis. 2020;12(3):129–34.10.4103/jgid.jgid_150_19 ↗
30. Kırmusaoğlu S. The Methods for Detection of Biofilm and Screening Antibiofilm Activity of Agents. In: Kırmusaoğlu S, editor. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2019. p. Ch. 6. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.8441110.5772/intechopen.84411 ↗
31. Pinzaru I, Coricovac D, Dehelean C, Moacă EA, Mioc M, Baderca F, et al. Stable PEG-coated silver nanoparticles - A comprehensive toxicological profile. Food Chem Toxicol Int J Publ Br Ind Biol Res Assoc. 2018;111:546–56.10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.051 ↗
32. Kakarndee S, Nanan S. SDS capped and PVA capped ZnO nanostructures with high photocatalytic performance toward photodegradation of reactive red (RR141) azo dye. J Environ Chem Eng. 2018;6(1):74–94. . https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221334371730624310.1016/j.jece.2017.11.066 ↗
33. Ramalingam G, Kathirgamanathan P, Ravi G, Elangovan T, Kumar B, Manivannan N et al. In. Quantum Confinement Effect of 2D Nanomaterials. 2020.10.5772/intechopen.90140 ↗
34. Laponogov I, Sohi MK, Veselkov DA, Pan XS, Sawhney R, Thompson AW, et al. Structural insight into the quinolone-DNA cleavage complex of type IIA topoisomerases. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009;16(6):667–9.10.1038/nsmb.1604 ↗
35. Shariati A, Arshadi M, Khosrojerdi MA, Abedinzadeh M, Ganjalishahi M, Maleki A, et al. The resistance mechanisms of bacteria against ciprofloxacin and new approaches for enhancing the efficacy of this antibiotic. Front public Heal. 2022;10:1025633.10.3389/fpubh.2022.1025633 ↗
36. Mohsen E, El-Borady OM, Mohamed MB, Fahim IS. Synthesis and characterization of ciprofloxacin loaded silver nanoparticles and investigation of their antibacterial effect. J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 2020;13(1):416–25. . https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850721003022
37. Yilmaz H, Culha M. A Drug Stability Study Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering on Silver Nanoparticles. Appl Sci. 2022;12:1807.10.3390/app12041807 ↗
38. Tawfeek H, Abdellatif AAH, Abd Elaleem Elnashar J, Abdelaleem Y, Fathalla D. Transfersomal gel nanocarriers for enhancement the permeation of lornoxicam. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2020;56:101540.10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101540 ↗
39. Nikparast Y, Saliani M. Synergistic Effect between Phyto-Syntesized Silver Nanoparticles and Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic on some Pathogenic Bacterial Strains. 2018;7:36–43.
40. Rajendran M, Arunachalam P, Marimuthu S. Synergistic bactericidal activity of silver nanoparticles and ciprofloxacin against phytopathogens. J Cell Tissue Res. 2012;12:3249–54.
41. de Allori MCG, Jure MA, Romero C, de Castillo MEC. Antimicrobial resistance and production of biofilms in clinical isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006;29(8):1592–6.10.1248/bpb.29.1592 ↗
42. Steckiewicz KP, Cieciórski P, Barcińska E, Jaśkiewicz M, Narajczyk M, Bauer M, et al. Silver Nanoparticles as Chlorhexidine and Metronidazole Drug Delivery Platforms: Their Potential Use in Treating Periodontitis. Int J Nanomed. 2022;17:495–517.10.2147/IJN.S339046 ↗
43. Deligiannakis Y, Sotiriou GA, Pratsinis SE. Antioxidant and antiradical SiO2 nanoparticles covalently functionalized with gallic acid. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012;4(12):6609–17.10.1021/am301751s ↗
44. Taha ZK, Hawar SN, Sulaiman GM. Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Penicillium italicum and its antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities. Biotechnol Lett. 2019;41(8–9):899–914.10.1007/s10529-019-02699-x ↗
45. Mondal Roy S, Sharma B, Roy D. Synthesis of Ciprofloxacin Drug Capped Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity: A Joint Spectrophotometric and Density Functional Investigation. J Clust Sci. 2021;32:1575–84.10.1007/s10876-020-01914-4 ↗
46. Uprety P, Dumm R, Hindler J. CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2024. https://clsi.org/about/news/ast-news-update-january-2024-practical-tips-for-using-newly-formatted-tables-1-in-clsi-m100-33rd-edition/
47. Hasson A, Mahdi B, Essa L. Evidence of Antioxidant Activity of Novel L-Glutaminase Purified from L. Gasseri BRLHM. J Appl Sci Nanotechnol. 2021;1:44–51.
48. More PR, Pandit S, Filippis A, De, Franci G, Mijakovic I, Galdiero M. Silver Nanoparticles: Bactericidal and Mechanistic Approach against Drug Resistant Pathogens. Microorganisms. 2023;11:2.10.3390/microorganisms11020369 ↗
49. Huang D, Ou B, Prior RL. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(6):1841–56.10.1021/jf030723c ↗
50. Ahire JJ, Neveling DP, Hattingh M, Dicks LMT. Ciprofloxacin-eluting nanofibers inhibits biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(4):e0123648.10.1371/journal.pone.0123648 ↗
51. Abiraamavalli T, Namasivayam SKR. In Vitro Formulation and Potential Biological Activities of Metabolites Consortium with High Biocompatibility Derived from Poly Herbal Plant Extracts. Natl Acad Sci Lett. 2025; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-025-01656-910.1007/s40009-025-01656-9 ↗