MXene: fundamentals to applications in electrochemical energy storage
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract A new, sizable family of 2D transition metal carbonitrides, carbides, and nitrides known as MXenes has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. This is because MXenes exhibit a variety of intriguing physical, chemical, mechanical, and electrochemical characteristics that are closely linked to the wide variety of their surface terminations and elemental compositions. Particularly, MXenes are readily converted into composites with materials including oxides, polymers, and CNTs, which makes it possible to modify their characteristics for a variety of uses. MXenes and MXene-based composites have demonstrated tremendous promise in environmental applications due to their excellent reducibility, conductivity, and biocompatibility, in addition to their well-known rise to prominence as electrode materials in the energy storage sector. The remarkable characteristics of 2D MXene, including high conductivity, high specific surface area, and enhanced hydrophilicity, account for the increasing prominence of its use in storage devices. In this review, we highlight the most recent developments in the use of MXenes and MXene-based composites for electrochemical energy storage while summarizing their synthesis and characteristics. Key attention is paid to applications in supercapacitors, batteries, and their flexible components. Future research challenges and perspectives are also described.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: MXene and MAX Phase Materials · Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication · Advanced Memory and Neural Computing
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Østergaard PA, Duic N, Noorollahi Y, Mikulcic H, Kalogirou S. Sustainable development using renewable energy technology. Renew Energy. 2020;146:2430–7.10.1016/j.renene.2019.08.094 ↗
2. Gielen D, Boshell F, Saygin D, Bazilian MD, Wagner N, Gorini R. The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation. Energy Strateg Rev. 2019;24:38–50.10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.006 ↗
3. Shahbaz M, Raghutla C, Chittedi KR, Jiao Z, Vo XV. The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from the renewable energy country attractive index. Energy. 2020;207:118162.10.1016/j.energy.2020.118162 ↗
4. Li Y, Yang J, Song J. Nano energy system model and nanoscale effect of graphene battery in renewable energy electric vehicle. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;69:652–63.10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.118 ↗
5. Valdez B, Schorr M, Quintero M, Garcia R, Rosas N. Effect of climate change on durability of engineering materials in hydraulic infrastructure : an overview. Corros Eng Sci Technol. 2010;45:1.10.1179/147842209X12559428167526 ↗
6. Belmonte N, Luetto C, Staulo S, Rizzi P, Baricco M. Case studies of energy storage with fuel cells and batteries for stationary and mobile applications. Challenges. 2017;8:9.10.3390/challe8010009 ↗
7. Hall PJ, Mirzaeian M, Fletcher SI, Sillars FB, Rennie AJR, Shitta-Bey GO, Wilson G, Cruden A, Carter R. Energy storage in electrochemical capacitors: designing functional materials to improve performance. Energy Environ Sci. 2010;3:1238–51.10.1039/c0ee00004c ↗
8. Kim BK, Sy S, Yu A, Zhang J (2015) Electrochemical supercapacitors for energy storage and conversion. In: Handbook of clean energy systems, 1–2510.1002/9781118991978.hces112 ↗
9. Liu S, Han Q, Yang C, Li H, Xia H, Zhou J, Liu X. High mass load of oxygen-enriched microporous hollow carbon spheres as electrode for supercapacitor with solar charging station application Shaobo. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2022;608:1514–25.10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.059 ↗
10. Yang K, Luo Z, Shu D, Yi F, Zhu Z, Gao A. Design of few-layered 1T-MoS2 by supramolecular-assisted assembly with N-doped carbon quantum dots for supercapacitor. J Electroanal Chem. 2022;908:116093.10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116093 ↗
11. Bhol P, Swain S, Altaee A, Saxena M, Samal AK. Cobalt–iron decorated tellurium nanotubes for high energy density supercapacitor. Mater Today Chem. 2022;24:100871.10.1016/j.mtchem.2022.100871 ↗
12. Tu CC, Lin LY, Xiao BC, Chen YS. Highly efficient supercapacitor electrode with two-dimensional tungsten disulfide and reduced graphene oxide hybrid nanosheets. J Power Sources. 2016;320:78–85.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.04.083 ↗
13. Shen J, Wu J, Pei L, Rodrigues MTF, Zhang ZQ, Zhang F, Zhang X, Ajayan PM, Ye M. CoNi2S4-graphene-2D-MoSe2 as an advanced electrode material for supercapacitors. Adv Energy Mater. 2016;6:1–8.10.1002/aenm.201600341 ↗
14. Jiang G, Osman S, Arumugam R, Sun Y, Tan X, Pan J. Hierarchically porous carbon derived from magnesium-based metal-organic frameworks as advanced active material for supercapacitor. J Energy Storage. 2022;49:104071.10.1016/j.est.2022.104071 ↗
15. Yu J, Zeng M, Zhou J, Chen H, Cong G, Liu H, Ji M, Zhu C, Xu J. A one-pot synthesis of nitrogen doped porous MXene/TiO2 heterogeneous film for high-performance flexible energy storage. Chem Eng J. 2021;426:130765.10.1016/j.cej.2021.130765 ↗
16. Najam T, Shoaib S, Shah A, Peng L, Sufyan M, Imran M, Zhao M, Tsiakaras P. Synthesis and nano-engineering of MXenes for energy conversion and storage applications: recent advances and perspectives. Coord Chem Rev. 2022;454:214339.10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214339 ↗
17. Ghidiu M, Lukatskaya MR, Zhao M, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum MW. Conductive two-dimensional titaniumcarbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance. Nature. 2014;516:78–81.10.1038/nature13970 ↗
18. Kim H, Alshareef HN. MXetronics: MXene-enabled electronic and photonic devices. ACS Mater Lett. 2020;2:55–70.10.1021/acsmaterialslett.9b00419 ↗
19. Ding L, Wei Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Caro J, Wang H. A two-Dimensional lamellar membrane: MXene nanosheet stacks. Angew Chemie Int Ed. 2017;56:1825–9.10.1002/anie.201609306 ↗
20. Coleman JN, Lotya M, O’Neill A, Bergin SD, King PJ, Khan U, Young K, Gaucher A, De S, Smith RJ, Shvets I V, Arora SK, Stanton G, Kim H-Y, Lee K, Kim GT, Duesberg GS, Hallam T, Boland JJ, Wang JJ, Donegan JF, Grunlan JC, Moriarty G, Shmeliov A, Nicholls RJ, Perkins JM, Grieveson EM, Theuwissen K, McComb DW, Nellist PD, Nicolosi V (2011) Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science (80-) 331:568 LP–57110.1126/science.1194975 ↗
21. Hong W, Wyatt BC, Nemani SK, Anasori B. Double transition-metal MXenes: atomistic design of two-dimensional carbides and nitrides. MRS Bull. 2020;45:850–61.10.1557/mrs.2020.251 ↗
22. Anasori B, Xie Y, Beidaghi M, Lu J, Hosler BC (2015) Two-dimensional, ordered, double transition metals carbides (MXenes). ACS Nano 1–2510.1021/acsnano.5b03591 ↗
23. Anasori B, Dahlqvist M, Halim J, Moon EJ, Lu J, Hosler BC, Caspi EN, May SJ, Hultman L, Eklund P, Rosén J, Barsoum MW. Experimental and theoretical characterization of ordered MAX phases Mo2TiAlC2 and Mo2Ti2AlC3. J Appl Phys. 2015;118:94304.10.1063/1.4929640 ↗
24. Li G, Natu V, Shi T, Barsoum MW, Titova LV. Two-dimensional MXenes Mo2Ti2C3Tz and Mo2TiC2Tz: microscopic conductivity and dynamics of photoexcited carriers. ACS Appl Energy Mater. 2020;3:1530–9.10.1021/acsaem.9b01966 ↗
25. Dong L, Kumar H, Anasori B, Gogotsi Y, Shenoy VB. Rational design of two-dimensional metallic and semiconducting spintronic materials based on ordered double-transition-metal MXenes. J Phys Chem Lett. 2017;8:422–8.10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02751 ↗
26. Siriwardane EMD, Çakir D. Strain engineering of electronic and magnetic properties of double-transition metal ferromagnetic semiconductor MXenes. J Appl Phys. 2019;125:82527.10.1063/1.5054131 ↗
27. Zhan X, Si C, Zhou J. MXene and MXene-based composites: synthesis, properties and environment-related applications. Horizons. 2020;5:235–58.
28. Li Y, Shao H, Lin Z, Lu J, Liu L, Duployer B, Persson POÅ, Eklund P, Hultman L, Li M, Chen K, Zha X, Du S, Rozier P, Chai Z, Raymundo-piñero E, Taberna P, Simon P, Huang Q. A general Lewis acidic etching route for preparing MXenes with enhanced electrochemical performance in non-aqueous electrolyte. Nat Mater. 2020;19:894–9.10.1038/s41563-020-0657-0 ↗
29. Wang F, Yang CH, Duan M, Tang Y, Zhu JF. TiO2 nanoparticle modified organ-like Ti3C2 MXene nanocomposite encapsulating hemoglobin for a mediator-free biosensor with excellent performances. Biosens Bioelectron. 2015;74:1022–8.10.1016/j.bios.2015.08.004 ↗
30. Peng Q, Guo J, Zhang Q, Xiang J, Liu B, Zhou A, Liu R, Tian Y. Unique lead adsorption behavior of activated hydroxyl group in two-dimensional titanium carbide. J Am Chem Soc. 2014;136:4113–6.10.1021/ja500506k ↗
31. Sun Y, Meng X, Dall’Agnese Y, Dall’Agnese C, Duan S, Gao Y, Chen G, Wang XF. 2D MXenes as co-catalysts in photocatalysis: synthetic methods. Nano-Micro Lett. 2019;11:79.10.1007/s40820-019-0309-6 ↗
32. Huang W, Ma C, Li C, Zhang Y, Hu L, Chen T, Tang Y, Ju J, Zhang H. Highly stable MXene (V2CTx)-based harmonic pulse generation. Nanophotonics. 2020;9(8):2577–85.10.1515/nanoph-2020-0134 ↗
33. Huang W, Hu L, Tang Y, Xie Z, Zhang H. Recent advances in functional 2D Mxene-based nanostructures for next-generation devices. Adv Funct Mater. 2020;30(49):2005223.10.1002/adfm.202005223 ↗
34. Wang C, Xu J, Wang Y, Song Y, Guo J, Huang W, Ge Y, Hu L, Liu J, Zhang H. MXene (Ti2NTx): synthesis, characteristics and application as a thermo-optical switcher for all-optical wavelength tuning laser. Sci China Mater. 2021;64(1):259–65.10.1007/s40843-020-1409-7 ↗
35. Gogotsi Y, Barsoum MW (2012) Two-dimensional transition metal carbides, 1322–133110.1021/nn204153h ↗
36. Sun Z, Music D, Ahuja R, Li S, Schneider JM (2004) Bonding and classification of nanolayered ternary carbides. 092102:1–310.1103/PhysRevB.70.092102 ↗
37. Naguib M, Mochalin VN, Barsoum MW, Gogotsi Y. 25th anniversary article: mxenes: a new family of two-dimensional materials. Adv Mater. 2014;26:992–1005.10.1002/adma.201304138 ↗
38. Zhou C, Zhao X, Xiong Y, Tang Y, Ma X, Tao Q, Sun C, Xu W. A review of etching methods of MXene and applications of MXene conductive hydrogels. Eur Polym J. 2022;167:111063.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111063 ↗
39. Naguib M, Kurtoglu M, Presser V, Lu J, Niu J, Heon M, Hultman L, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum MW. Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2. Adv Mater. 2011;23:4248–53.10.1002/adma.201102306 ↗
40. Zhang J, Uzun S, Seyedin S, Lynch PA, Akuzum B, Wang Z, Qin S, Alhabeb M, Shuck CE, Lei W, Kumbur EC, Yang W, Wang X, Dion G, Razal JM, Gogotsi Y. Additive-free MXene liquid crystals and fibers. ACS Cent Sci. 2019;6(2):254–65.10.1021/acscentsci.9b01217 ↗
41. Meshkian R, Näslund L-åke, Halim J, Lu J, Barsoum MW, Rosen J (2015) Synthesis of two-dimensional molybdenum carbide, Mo2C, from the gallium based atomic laminate Mo2Ga2C. Scr Mater 14–1710.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.07.003 ↗
42. Zralc N, Zhou J, Zha X, Chen FY, Ye Q, Eklund P, Du S, Huang Q. A two-dimensional zirconium carbide by selective etching of Al3C3 from nanolaminated Zr3Al3C5. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2016;55(16):5008–13.10.1002/anie.201510432 ↗
43. Gesing TM, Jeitschko W. The crystal structures of Zr3Al3C5, ScAl3C3, and UAl3C3 and their relation to the structures of U2Al3C4 and Al4C3. J Solid State Chem. 1998;401:396–401.10.1006/jssc.1998.7907 ↗
44. Wang L, Zhang H, Wang B, Shen C, Zhang C, Hu Q, Zhou A, Liu B. Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Ti3C2Tx with hydrothermal process. Electron Mater Lett. 2016;12(5):702–10.10.1007/s13391-016-6088-z ↗
45. Lipatov A, Alhabeb M, Lukatskaya MR, Boson A, Gogotsi Y, Sinitskii A. Effect of synthesis on quality, electronic properties and environmental stability of individual monolayer Ti3C2 MXene flakes. Adv Electron Mater. 2016;2(12):1600255.10.1002/aelm.201600255 ↗
46. Feng A, Yu Y, Wang Y, Jiang F, Yu Y, Mi L, Song L, Yu Y, Wang Y, Jiang F, Yu Y, Mi L, Song L. Two-dimensional MXene Ti3C2 produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2. Mater Des. 2016;114:161–6.10.1016/j.matdes.2016.10.053 ↗
47. Lukatskaya MR. Cation intercalation and high volumetric capacitance of two-dimensional titanium carbide. Science. 2014;341(6153):1502–5.10.1126/science.1241488 ↗
48. Urbankowski P, Anasori B, Makaryan T, Er D, Kota S, Walsh PL, Zhao M, Shenoy VB, Barsoum MW, Gogotsi Y. Synthesis of two-dimensional titanium nitride Ti4N3 (MXene). Nanoscale. 2016;8:11385–91.10.1039/C6NR02253G ↗
49. Sharma V, Kumar D, Gupta RK, Yasin G, Kumar A. Synthesis strategies and structural and electronic properties of MXenes-based nanomaterials for ORR: a mini review. Inorg Chem Commun. 2022;141:109496.10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109496 ↗
50. Vaia RA, Jawaid A, Hassan A, Neher G, Nepal D, Pachter R, Joshua Kennedy W, Ramakrishnan S. Halogen etch of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase for mxene fabrication. ACS Nano. 2021;15:2771–7.10.1021/acsnano.0c08630 ↗
51. Natu V, Pai R, Sokol M, Carey M, Kalra V, Barsoum MW. 2D Ti3C2Tz MXene synthesized by water-free etching of Ti3AlC2 in polar organic solvents. Chem. 2020;6:616–30.10.1016/j.chempr.2020.01.019 ↗
52. Li M, Lu J, Luo K, Li Y, Chang K, Chen K, Zhou J, Rosen J, Hultman L, Eklund P, Persson POÅ, Du S, Chai Z, Huang Z, Huang Q. Element replacement approach by reaction with lewis acidic molten salts to synthesize nanolaminated MAX phases and MXenes. J Am Chem Soc. 2019;141:4730–7.10.1021/jacs.9b00574 ↗
53. Thakur N, Kumar P, Sati DC, Neffati R, Sharma P. Recent advances in two-dimensional MXenes for power and smart energy systems. J Energy Storage. 2022;50:104604.10.1016/j.est.2022.104604 ↗
54. Baig MM, Gul IH, Baig SM, Shahzad F. 2D MXenes: Synthesis, properties, and electrochemical energy storage for supercapacitors: a review. J Electroanal Chem. 2022;904:115920.10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115920 ↗
55. Li T, Yao L, Liu Q, Gu J, Luo R, Li J, Yan X, Wang W, Liu P, Chen B, Zhang W, Abbas W, Naz R, Zhang D. Fluorine-free synthesis of high purity Ti3C2Tx (T=OH, O) via Alkali treatment. Angew Chemie Int Ed. 2018;57:6115–9.10.1002/anie.201800887 ↗
56. Yang AS, Zhang P, Wang F, Gaetano A, Lohe MR, Blom PWM. Fluoride-free synthesis of two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene) using a binary aqueous system. Angew Chemie Int Ed. 2018;30(47):15717–21.10.1002/ange.201809662 ↗
57. Wang C, Shou H, Chen S, Wei S, Lin Y, Zhang P, Liu Z, Zhu K, Guo X, Wu X, Ajayan PM, Song L. HCl-based hydrothermal etching strategy toward fluoride-free MXenes. Adv Mater. 2021;33:2101015.10.1002/adma.202101015 ↗
58. Guo Y, Jin S, Wang L, He P, Hu Q, Fan L-Z, Zhou A. Synthesis of two-dimensional carbide Mo2CTx MXene by hydrothermal etching with fluorides and its thermal stability. Ceram Int. 2020;46:19550–6.10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.05.008 ↗
59. Wang L, Liu D, Lian W, Hu Q, Liu X, Zhou A. The preparation of V2CTx by facile hydrothermal-assisted etching processing and its performance in lithium-ion battery. J Mater Res Technol. 2020;9:984–93.10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.038 ↗
60. Srivastava P, Mishra A, Mizuseki H, Lee KR, Singh AK. Mechanistic insight into the chemical exfoliation and functionalization of Ti3C2 MXene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8:24256–64.10.1021/acsami.6b08413 ↗
61. Jian X, He M, Chen L, Zhang M, Li R, Gao L, Fu F. Three-dimensional carambola-like MXene/polypyrrole composite produced by one-step co-electrodeposition method for electrochemical energy storage. Electrochim Acta. 2019;318:820–7.10.1016/j.electacta.2019.06.045 ↗
62. Lukatskaya MR, Halim J, Dyatkin B, Naguib M, Buranova YS, Barsoum MW, Gogotsi Y. Room-temperature carbide-derived carbon synthesis by electrochemical etching of MAX phases. Angew Chemie Int Ed. 2014;126(19):4977–80.10.1002/ange.201402513 ↗
63. Huang Z, Hou H, Zhang Y, Wang C, Qiu X, Ji X. Layer-tunable phosphorene modulated by the cation insertion rate as a sodium-storage anode. Adv Mater. 2017;29:1702372.10.1002/adma.201702372 ↗
64. Yang S, Zhang K, Ricciardulli AG, Zhang P, Liao Z, Lohe MR, Zschech E, Blom PWM, Pisula W, Klaus M (2018) A delamination strategy for thinly layered defect-free high-mobilityblack phosphorus flakes. A delamination strategy for thinly layered defect-free high-mobilityblack phosphorus flakes. Angew Chemie Int Ed 130(17) 4677–468110.1002/anie.201801265 ↗
65. Panda S, Deshmukh K, Pasha SKK, Theerthagiri J, Manickam S, Yong M. MXene based emerging materials for supercapacitor applications : Recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Coord Chem Rev. 2022;462:214518.10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214518 ↗
66. Gogotsi Y. Transition metal carbides go 2D. Nat Mater. 2015;14(11):1079–80.10.1038/nmat4386 ↗
67. Xu C, Wang L, Liu Z, Chen L, Guo J, Kang N, Ma X, Cheng H, Ren W. Large-area high-quality 2D ultrathin Mo2C superconducting crystals. Nat Mater. 2015;14(11):1135–41.10.1038/nmat4374 ↗
68. Liu Z, Xu C, Kang N, Wang L, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Ma X, Cheng H, Ren W. Unique domain structure of 2D-Mo2C superconducting crystals. Nano Lett. 2016;16(7):4243–50.10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01265 ↗
69. Jia J, Xiong T, Zhao L, Wang F, Liu H, Hu R, Zhou J, Zhou W, Chen S. Ultrathin N-doped Mo2C nanosheets with exposed active sites as effi cient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reactions. ACS Nano. 2017;11(12):12509–18.10.1021/acsnano.7b06607 ↗
70. Wang Z, Kochat V, Pandey P, Kashyap S, Chattopadhyay S, Samanta A, Sarkar S, Manimunda P, Zhang X, Asif S, Singh AK, Chattopadhyay K, Tiwary CS, Ajayan PM. Metal immiscibility route to synthesis of ultrathin carbides, borides, and nitrides. Adv Mater. 2017;29:1–9.
71. Song YJ, Cho JH, Jang YH, Lee S. Epitaxial synthesis of molybdenum carbide and formation of a Mo2C/MoS2 hybrid structure via chemical conversion of molybdenum disulfid. ACS Nano. 2018;12(1):338–46.10.1021/acsnano.7b06417 ↗
72. Sang X, Xie Y, Yilmaz DE, Lot R, Alhabeb M, Ostadhossein A, Anasori B, Sun W, Li X, Xiao K, Kent PRC, Duin ACT Van, Gogotsi Y, Unocic RR (2018) In situ atomistic insight into the growth mechanisms of single layer 2D transition metal carbides. Nat Commun 1–910.1038/s41467-018-04610-0 ↗
73. Eklund P, Beckers M, Jansson U, Högberg H, Hultman L. The Mn+1AXn phases: materials science and thin-film processing. Thin Solid Films. 2010;518:1851–78.10.1016/j.tsf.2009.07.184 ↗
74. Walter C, Sigumonrong DP, El-raghy T, Schneider JM. Towards large area deposition of Cr2AlC on steel. Thin Solid Films. 2006;515:389–93.10.1016/j.tsf.2005.12.219 ↗
75. Shu R, Ge F, Meng F, Li P, Wang J, Huang Q, Eklund P, Huang F. One-step synthesis of polycrystalline V2AlC thin films on amorphous substrates by magnetron co-sputtering. Vacuum. 2017;146:106–10.10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.08.049 ↗
76. Beckers M, Schell N, Martins RMS, Mücklich A, Möller W, Hultman L, Beckers M, Schell N, Martins RMS, Mücklich A, Möller W. Nucleation and growth of Ti2AlN thin films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering onto MgO (111). J Appl Phys. 2012;102(7):074916.10.1063/1.2786871 ↗
77. Li JJ, Qian YH, Niu D, Zhang MM, Liu ZM, Li MS. Phase formation and microstructure evolution of arc ion deposited Cr2AlC coating after heat treatment. Appl Surf Sci. 2012;263:457–64.10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.09.082 ↗
78. Odén M. Solid state formation of Ti4AlN3 in cathodic arc deposited (Ti1−xAlx)Ny alloys. Acta Mater. 2017;129:268–77.10.1016/j.actamat.2017.03.001 ↗
79. Zhang Z, Zhang F, Wang H, Ho Chan C, Lu W, Dai JY. Substrate orientation-induced epitaxial growth of face centered cubic Mo2C superconductive thin film. J Mater Chem C. 2017;5:10822–7.10.1039/C7TC03652C ↗
80. Luo J, Tao X, Zhang J, Xia Y, Huang H, Zhang L, Gan Y, Liang C, Zhang W. Sn4+ ion decorated highly conductive Ti3C2 MXene: promising lithium-ion anodes with enhanced volumetric capacity and cyclic performance. ACS Nano. 2016;10:2491–9.10.1021/acsnano.5b07333 ↗
81. Huang J, Meng R, Zu L, Wang Z, Feng N, Yang Z, Yu Y. Sandwich-like Na0.23TiO2 nanobelt/Ti3C2 MXene composites from a scalable in situ transformation reaction for long-life high-rate lithium/sodium-ion batteries. Nano Energy. 2018;46:20–8.10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.01.030 ↗
82. Ma Z, Zhou X, Deng W, Lei D, Liu Z. 3D porous MXene (Ti3C2)/reduced graphene oxide hybrid films for advanced lithium storage. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018;10:3634–43.10.1021/acsami.7b17386 ↗
83. Li K, Wang X, Li S, Urbankowski P, Li J, Xu Y, Gogotsi Y. An ultrafast conducting polymer@MXene positive electrode with high volumetric capacitance for advanced asymmetric supercapacitors. Small. 2020;16:1–8.
84. Huang L, Ai L, Wang M, Jiang J, Wang S. Hierarchical MoS 2 nanosheets integrated Ti3C2 MXenes for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2019;44:965–76.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.084 ↗
85. Chaudhuri H, Yun Y. Synthesis and environmental applications of graphene oxide / layered double hydroxides and graphene oxide/MXenes : a critical review. Sep Purif Technol. 2022;297:121518.10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121518 ↗
86. Yan J, Ren CE, Maleski K, Hatter CB, Anasori B, Urbankowski P, Sarycheva A, Gogotsi Y. Flexible MXene/graphene films for ultrafast supercapacitors with outstanding volumetric capacitance. Adv Funct Mater. 2017;1701264:1–10.
87. Chen T, Wang J, Wu X, Li Z, Yang S. Ethanediamine induced self-assembly of long-range ordered GO/MXene composite aerogel and its piezoresistive sensing performances. Appl Surf Sci. 2021;566:150719.10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.150719 ↗
88. Yan H, Xie Y, Jiao Y, Wu A, Tian C, Zhang X, Wang L, Fu H. Holey reduced graphene oxide coupled with an Mo2N–Mo2C heterojunction for efficient hydrogen evolution. Adv Mater. 2017;1704156:1–8.
89. Wyatt BC, Anasori B. Self-assembly and in-situ characterization of Ti3C2Tx in Al: a step toward additive manufacturing of MXene-metal composites. Appl Mater Today. 2022;27:101451.10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101451 ↗
90. Sikdar A, Dutta P, Kumar S, Majumdar A, Padma N, Ghosh S, Narayan U. Spontaneous three-dimensional self-assembly of MXene and graphene for impressive energy and rate performance pseudocapacitors. Electrochim Acta. 2021;391:138959.10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138959 ↗
91. Li H, Hou Y, Wang F, Lohe MR, Zhuang X, Niu L (2017) Flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors with high volumetric capacitances boosted by solution processable MXene and electrochemically exfoliated graphene. Adv Energy Mater, 2–710.1002/aenm.201601847 ↗
92. Zhao C, Wang Q, Zhang H, Passerini S, Qian X. Two-Dimensional titanium carbide/RGO composite for high-performance supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8:15661–7.10.1021/acsami.6b04767 ↗
93. Xu S, Wei G, Li J, Han W, Gogotsi Y. Flexible MXene-graphene electrodes with high volumetric capacitance for integrated co-cathode energy conversion/storage devices. J Mater Chem A. 2017;5:17442–51.10.1039/C7TA05721K ↗
94. Thirumal V, Yuvakkumar R, Kumar PS, Ravi G, Velauthapillai D. Facile preparation and characterization of MXene @ Platinum nanocomposite for energy conversion applications. Fuel. 2022;317:123493.10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123493 ↗
95. Fan Z, Wang D, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Liu Y, Xie Z. A lightweight and conductive MXene/graphene hybrid foam for superior electromagnetic interference shielding. Chem Eng J. 2020;381:122696.10.1016/j.cej.2019.122696 ↗
96. De S, Kumar C, Acharya S, Sahoo S, Shim J. MXene (Ti3C2Tx) supported CoS2/CuCo2S4 nanohybrid for highly stable asymmetric supercapacitor device. J Energy Storage. 2022;50:104617.10.1016/j.est.2022.104617 ↗
97. Jiang X, Tian B, Sun Q, Li X, Chen J, Tang J, Zhang P, Yang L, Chen Z. Enhanced thermoelectric performance in MXene / SnTe nanocomposites synthesized via a facile one-step solvothermal method. J Solid State Chem. 2021;304:122605.10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122605 ↗
98. Zhou T, Wu C, Wang Y, Tomsia AP, Li M, Saiz E, Fang S, Baughman RH, Jiang L, Cheng Q (2020) Super-tough MXene-functionalized graphene sheets. Nat Commun 11:1–1110.1038/s41467-020-15991-6 ↗
99. Yue Y, Liu N, Ma Y, Wang S, Liu W, Luo C, Zhang H, Cheng F, Rao J, Hu X, Su J, Gao Y. Highly self-healable 3D microsupercapacitor with MXene-graphene composite aerogel. ACS Nano. 2018;12:4224–32.10.1021/acsnano.7b07528 ↗
100. Shahzad F, Alhabeb M, Hatter CB, Anasori B. Electromagnetic interference shielding with 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes). Science. 2016;353(6304):1137–40.10.1126/science.aag2421 ↗