Nanoparticles assisted intra and transdermic delivery of antifungal ointment: an updated review
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract This review paper highlights the trans-dermic delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) based antifungal ointments with the help of nanotechnology. It also describes the novel trans-dermal approach utilizing various nanoparticles which enables an efficient delivery to the target site. This current review gives an overview about past research and developments as well as the current nanoparticle-based ointments. This review also presents data regarding types, causes of infection, and different pathogens within their infection site. It also gives information about antifungal ointments with their activity and side effects of antifungal medicines. Additionally, this review also focuses on the future aspects of the topical administration of nanoparticle-based antifungal ointments. These nanoparticles can encapsulate multiple antifungal drugs as a combination therapy targeting different aspects of fungal infection. Nanoparticles can be designed in such a way that they can specifically target fungal cells and do not affect healthy cells. Nanoparticle based antifungal ointments exhibit outstanding potential to treat fungal diseases. As further research and advancements evolve in nanotechnology, we expect more development of nanoparticle-based antifungal formulations shortly. This paper discusses all the past and future applications, recent trends, and developments in the various field and also shows its bright prospective in the upcoming years. Graphical abstract
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery · Nail Diseases and Treatments · Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Tiew PY, Mac Aogain M, Ali NABM, Thng KX, Goh K, Lau KJX, Chotirmall SH. The mycobiome in health and disease: emerging concepts, methodologies and challenges. Mycopathologia. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-019-00413-z.10.1007/s11046-019-00413-z ↗
2. Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Dyląg M. A global view on fungal infections in humans and animals: infections caused by dimorphic fungi and dermatophytoses. J Appl Microbiol. 2021;131(6):2688–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.15084.10.1111/jam.15084 ↗
3. Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Dyląg M, Osińska M, Sawicki M. Detection and identification of dermatophytes based on currently available methods—a comparative study. J Appl Microbiol. 2021;130(1):278–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14778.10.1111/jam.14778 ↗
4. Bever JD, Morton JB, Antonovics J, Schultz PA. Host-dependent sporulation and species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a mown grassland. J Ecol. 1996;84(1):71. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261701.10.2307/2261701 ↗
5. Brunet K, Alanio A, Lortholary O, Rammaert B. Reactivation of dormant/latent fungal infection. J Infect. 2018;77(6):463–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2018.06.016.10.1016/j.jinf.2018.06.016 ↗
6. Zmeili OS, Soubani AO. Pulmonary aspergillosis: a clinical update. QJM. 2007;100(6):317–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcm035.10.1093/qjmed/hcm035 ↗
7. Lengert EV, Talnikova EE, Tuchin VV, Svenskaya YI. Prospective nanotechnology-based strategies for enhanced intra- and transdermal delivery of antifungal drugs. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2020;33(5):261–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511038.10.1159/000511038 ↗
8. Hart R, Bell-Syer SEM, Crawford F, Torgerson DJ, Young P, Russell I. Systematic review of topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the feet. BMJ. 1999;319(7202):79–82. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7202.79.10.1136/bmj.319.7202.79 ↗
9. Gupta AK, Cooper EA. Update in antifungal therapy of dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia. 2008;166(5–6):353–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-008-9109-0.10.1007/s11046-008-9109-0 ↗
10. Nami S, Aghebati-Maleki A, Aghebati-Maleki L. Current applications and prospects of nanoparticles for antifungal drug delivery. EXCLI J. 2021;20:Doc562. https://doi.org/10.17179/EXCLI2020-3068. (ISSN 1611-2156).10.17179/EXCLI2020-3068 ↗
11. Thiesen B, Jordan A. Clinical applications of magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia. Int J Hyperth. 2008;24(6):467–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/02656730802104757.10.1080/02656730802104757 ↗
12. Pankhurst QA, Connolly J, Jones SK, Dobson J. Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. J Phys D Appl Phys. 2003;36(13):R167–81. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/36/13/201.10.1088/0022-3727/36/13/201 ↗
13. Langer R, Folkman J. Polymers for the sustained release of proteins and other macromolecules. Nature. 1976;263(5580):797–800. https://doi.org/10.1038/263797a0.10.1038/263797a0 ↗
14. Salata O. Application of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. J Nanobiotechnol. 2004;2(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-2-3.10.1186/1477-3155-2-3 ↗
15. Gupta R, Xie H. Nanoparticles in Daily Life: applications, toxicity and regulations. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2018;37(3):209–30. https://doi.org/10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2018026009.10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2018026009 ↗
16. Mura S, Nicolas J, Couvreur P. Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery. Nat Mater. 2013;12(11):991–1003. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3776.10.1038/nmat3776 ↗
17. Pantarotto D, Partidos CD, Hoebeke J, Brown F, Kramer E, Briand J-P, Muller S, Prato M, Bianco A. Immunization with peptide-functionalized carbon nanotubes enhances virus-specific neutralizing antibody responses. Chem Biol. 2003;10(10):961–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.09.011.10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.09.011 ↗
18. Mahapatro A, Singh DK. Biodegradable nanoparticles are excellent vehicle for site directed in-vivo delivery of drugs and vaccines. J Nanobiotechnol. 2011;9(1):55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-9-55.10.1186/1477-3155-9-55 ↗
19. Tassa C, Shaw SY, Weissleder R. Dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles: a versatile platform for targeted molecular imaging, molecular diagnostics, and therapy. Acc Chem Res. 2011;44(10):842–52. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar200084x.10.1021/ar200084x ↗
20. Hu C-MJ, Aryal S, Zhang L. Nanoparticle-assisted combination therapies for effective cancer treatment. Ther Deliv. 2010;1(2):323–34. https://doi.org/10.4155/tde.10.13.10.4155/tde.10.13 ↗
21. Abpeikar Z, Safaei M, Akbar Alizadeh A, Goodarzi A, Hatam G. The novel treatments based on tissue engineering, cell therapy and nanotechnology for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Pharm. 2023;633:122615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122615.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122615 ↗
22. Stoimenov PK, Klinger RL, Marchin GL, Klabunde KJ. Metal oxide nanoparticles as bactericidal agents. Langmuir. 2002;18(17):6679–86. https://doi.org/10.1021/la0202374.10.1021/la0202374 ↗
23. Yamamoto O. Influence of particle size on the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide. Int J Inorg Mater. 2001;3(7):643–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1466-6049(01)00197-0.10.1016/S1466-6049(01)00197-0 ↗
24. Sonia S, Linda Jeeva Kumari H, Ruckmani K, Sivakumar M. Antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of biosynthesized colloidal zinc oxide nanoparticles for a fortified cold ointment formulation: a potent nanocosmeceutical application. Mater Sci Eng C. 2017;79:581–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.059.10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.059 ↗
25. Catalano A, Iacopetta D, Ceramella J, Scumaci D, Giuzio F, Saturnino C, Aquaro S, Rosano C, Sinicropi MS. Multidrug resistance (MDR): a widespread phenomenon in pharmacological therapies. Molecules. 2022;27(3):616. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030616.10.3390/molecules27030616 ↗
26. Perni S, Prokopovich P, Pratten J, Parkin IP, Wilson M. Nanoparticles: their potential use in antibacterial photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011;10(5):712–20. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp00360c.10.1039/c0pp00360c ↗
27. Rai M, Ingle AP, Gaikwad S, Gupta I, Gade A, Silvério Da Silva S. Nanotechnology based anti-infectives to fight microbial intrusions. J Appl Microbiol. 2016;120(3):527–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13010.10.1111/jam.13010 ↗
28. Kumar PPNV, Pammi SVN, Kollu P, Satyanarayana KVV, Shameem U. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Boerhaavia diffusa plant extract and their anti bacterial activity. Ind Crops Prod. 2014;52:562–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.050.10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.050 ↗
29. Chernousova S, Epple M. Silver as antibacterial agent: ion, nanoparticle, and metal. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2013;52(6):1636–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201205923.10.1002/anie.201205923 ↗
30. Adebayo-Tayo BC, Borode SO, Alao SO. In-vitro antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of greenly fabricated Senna alata leaf extract silver nanoparticles and silver nanoparticle-ointment blend. Period Polytech Chem Eng. 2022;66(2):248–60. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPch.18271.10.3311/PPch.18271 ↗
31. Begum J, Mir NA, Lingaraju MC, Buyamayum B, Dev K. Recent advances in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. J Basic Microbiol. 2020;60(4):293–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201900675.10.1002/jobm.201900675 ↗
32. Goldstein AO, Smith KM, Ives TJ, Goldstein B. Mycotic infections. Effective management of conditions involving the skin, hair, and nails. Geriatrics. 2000;55(5):40–2, 45–7, 51-2.
33. Kane J, Krajden S, Summerbell RC, Sibbald RG. Infections caused by Trichophyton raubitschekii: clinical and epidemiological features. Mycoses. 1990;33(9–10):499–506. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.1990.33.9-10.499.10.1111/myc.1990.33.9-10.499 ↗
34. Chakrabarti A, Bonifaz A, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC, Mochizuki T, Li S. Global epidemiology of sporotrichosis. Med Mycol. 2015;53(1):3–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myu062.10.1093/mmy/myu062 ↗
35. Bienvenu A-L, Picot S. Mycetoma and chromoblastomycosis: perspective for diagnosis improvement using biomarkers. Molecules. 2020;25(11):2594. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112594.10.3390/molecules25112594 ↗
36. Queiroz-Telles F, McGinnis MR, Salkin I, Graybill JR. Subcutaneous mycoses. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2003;17(1):59–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5520(02)00066-1.10.1016/S0891-5520(02)00066-1 ↗
37. Kyle AA, Dahl MV. Topical therapy for fungal infections. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5(6):443–51. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200405060-00009.10.2165/00128071-200405060-00009 ↗
38. Garg A, Sharma GS, Goyal AK, Ghosh G, Si SC, Rath G. Recent advances in topical carriers of anti-fungal agents. Heliyon. 2020;6(8):e04663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04663.10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04663 ↗
39. Gupta M, Agrawal U, Vyas SP. Nanocarrier-based topical drug delivery for the treatment of skin diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2012;9(7):783–804. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2012.686490.10.1517/17425247.2012.686490 ↗
40. Ząbek A, Nagaj J, Grabowiecka A, Dworniczek E, Nawrot U, Młynarz P, Jeżowska-Bojczuk M. Activity of fluconazole and its Cu(II) complex towards Candida species. Med Chem Res. 2015;24(5):2005–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-014-1275-7.10.1007/s00044-014-1275-7 ↗
41. Khalid A, Ahmed N, Qindeel M, Asad MI, Khan GM, ur.Rehman A. Development of novel biopolymer-based nanoparticles loaded ointment for potential treatment of topical fungal infections. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2021;47(7):1090–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2021.1957914.10.1080/03639045.2021.1957914 ↗
42. Dornburg A, Townsend JP, Wang Z. Maximizing power in phylogenetics and phylogenomics: a perspective illuminated by fungal big data. In: Townsend J, Wang Z, editors. Advances in genetics, vol. 100. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2017. p. 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adgen.2017.09.007.10.1016/bs.adgen.2017.09.007 ↗
43. Siyal AL. Cell its structure and functions; 2019. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18777.06244.10.13140/RG.2.2.18777.06244 ↗
44. Blackwell M. The fungi: 1, 2, 3 … 5.1 million species? Am J Bot. 2011;98:426–38. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000298.10.3732/ajb.1000298 ↗
45. Bard J. Anatomical ontologies for model organisms: the fungi and animals. In: Burger A, Davidson D, Baldock R, editors. Anatomy ontologies for bioinformatics, vol. 6. London: Springer; 2008. p. 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-885-2_1.10.1007/978-1-84628-885-2_1 ↗
46. Werner GDA, Cornwell WK, Sprent JI, Kattge J, Kiers ET. A single evolutionary innovation drives the deep evolution of symbiotic N2-fixation in angiosperms. Nat Commun. 2014;5(1):4087. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5087.10.1038/ncomms5087 ↗
47. Lee PP, Lau Y-L. Cellular and molecular defects underlying invasive fungal infections—revelations from endemic mycoses. Front Immunol. 2017;8:735. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00735.10.3389/fimmu.2017.00735 ↗
48. Perlroth J, Choi B, Spellberg B. Nosocomial fungal infections: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Med Mycol. 2007;45(4):321–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780701218689.10.1080/13693780701218689 ↗
49. Hay RJ. Fungal infections. Clin Dermatol. 2006;24(3):201–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.11.011.10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.11.011 ↗
50. Reddy GKK, Padmavathi AR, Nancharaiah YV. Fungal infections: pathogenesis, antifungals and alternate treatment approaches. Curr Res Microb Sci. 2022;3:100137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100137.10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100137 ↗
51. Ameen M. Epidemiology of superficial fungal infections. Clin Dermatol. 2010;28(2):197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.12.005.10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.12.005 ↗
52. La Hoz RM, Baddley JW. Subcutaneous fungal infections. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2012;14(5):530–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-012-0275-3.10.1007/s11908-012-0275-3 ↗
53. Hay RJ. Deep fungal infections. In: Williams HC, Bigby M, Herxheimer A, Naldi L, Rzany B, Dellavalle RP, Ran Y, Furue M, editors. Evidence-based dermatology. New York: Wiley; 2014. p. 371–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118357606.ch45.10.1002/9781118357606.ch45 ↗
54. Houšť J, Spížek J, Havlíček V. Antifungal drugs. Metabolites. 2020;10(3):106. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10030106.10.3390/metabo10030106 ↗
55. Hokken MWJ, Zwaan BJ, Melchers WJG, Verweij PE. Facilitators of adaptation and antifungal resistance mechanisms in clinically relevant fungi. Fungal Genet Biol. 2019;132:103254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103254.10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103254 ↗
56. Imam SS, Gilani SJ, Zafar A, Jumah MNB, Alshehri S. Formulation of miconazole-loaded chitosan–carbopol vesicular gel: optimization to in vitro characterization, irritation, and antifungal assessment. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15:581. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020581.10.3390/pharmaceutics15020581 ↗
57. Rençber S, Karavana SY, Yilmaz FF, Eraç B, Nenni M, Gurer-Orhan H, Limoncu MH, Güneri P, Ertan G. Formulation and evaluation of fluconazole loaded oral strips for local treatment of oral candidiasis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2019;49:615–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2018.12.035.10.1016/j.jddst.2018.12.035 ↗
58. Bouchand C, Nguyen D, Secretan P-H, Vidal F, Guery R, Auvity S, Cohen JF, Lanternier F, Lortholary O, Cisternino S, Schlatter J. Voriconazole topical cream formulation: evidence for stability and antifungal activity. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(3):106083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106083.10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106083 ↗
59. Shirsand S, Para M, Nagendrakumar D, Kanani K, Keerthy D. Formulation and evaluation of Ketoconazole niosomal gel drug delivery system. Int J Pharm Investig. 2012;2:201–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-973X.107002.10.4103/2230-973X.107002 ↗
60. Khatter NJ, Khan MA. Clotrimazole. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
61. Srivastava S, Mahor A, Singh G, Bansal K, Singh PP, Gupta R, Dutt R, Alanazi AM, Khan AA, Kesharwani P. Formulation development, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of topical hydrogel formulation of econazole nitrate-loaded β-cyclodextrin nanosponges. J Pharm Sci. 2021;110:3702–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2021.07.008.10.1016/j.xphs.2021.07.008 ↗
62. Banerjee M, Ghosh A, Basak S. Comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety of topical fluconazole and clotrimazole in the treatment of Tineacorporis. J Pak Assoc Dermatol. 2012;22(4):342–9.
63. Borgers M. Mechanism of action of antifungal drugs, with special reference to the imidazole derivatives. Clin Infect Dis. 1980;2(4):520–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/2.4.520.10.1093/clinids/2.4.520 ↗
64. Soliman GM. Nanoparticles as safe and effective delivery systems of antifungal agents: achievements and challenges. Int J Pharm. 2017;523(1):15–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.019.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.019 ↗
65. Priyanka P, Sri Rekha M, Devi AS. Review on formulation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles for vaginal application. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2022. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2022v14i1.42595.10.22159/ijpps.2022v14i1.42595 ↗
66. León-Buitimea A, Garza-Cervantes JA, Gallegos-Alvarado DY, Osorio-Concepción M, Morones-Ramírez JR. Nanomaterial-based antifungal therapies to combat fungal diseases Aspersgillosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Mucormycosis, and Candidiasis. Pathogens. 2021;10(10):1303. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101303.10.3390/pathogens10101303 ↗
67. Gudikandula K, CharyaMaringanti S. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical and biological methods and their antimicrobial properties. J Exp Nanosci. 2016;11(9):714–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2016.1139196.10.1080/17458080.2016.1139196 ↗
68. Lara HH, Ixtepan-Turrent L, Jose Yacaman M, Lopez-Ribot J. Inhibition of Candida auris Biofilm formation on medical and environmental surfaces by silver nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020;12(19):21183–91. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b20708.10.1021/acsami.9b20708 ↗
69. Vazquez-Munoz R, Lopez FD, Lopez-Ribot JL. Silver nanoantibiotics display strong antifungal activity against the emergent multidrug-resistant yeast candida auris under both planktonic and biofilm growing conditions. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:1673. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01673.10.3389/fmicb.2020.01673 ↗
70. Arshad HM, Shahzad A, Shahid S, Ali S, Rauf A, Sharif S, Ullah ME, Ullah MI, Ali M, Ahmad HI. Synthesis and biomedical applications of zirconium nanoparticles: advanced leaps and bounds in the recent past. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4910777.10.1155/2022/4910777 ↗
71. Zhang ML, Feng C, Zhang WX, Luan XW, Jiang J, Li LF. Synthesis of bismuth nanoparticles by a simple one-step solvothermal reduction route. Appl Mech Mater. 2013;423–426:155–8. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.423-426.155.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.423-426.155 ↗
72. Vazquez-Munoz R, Lopez FD, Lopez-Ribot JL. Bismuth nanoantibiotics display anticandidal activity and disrupt the biofilm and cell morphology of the emergent pathogenic yeast Candida auris. Antibiotics. 2020;9(8):461. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080461.10.3390/antibiotics9080461 ↗
73. Asamoah RB, Yaya A, Mensah B, Nbalayim P, Apalangya V, Bensah YD, Damoah LNW, Agyei-Tuffour B, Dodoo-Arhin D, Annan E. Synthesis and characterization of zinc and copper oxide nanoparticles and their antibacteria activity. Results Mater. 2020;7:100099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinma.2020.100099.10.1016/j.rinma.2020.100099 ↗
74. Mohamed AA, Abu-Elghait M, Ahmed NE, Salem SS. Eco-friendly mycogenic synthesis of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles for in vitro antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antifungal applications. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021;199(7):2788–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02369-4.10.1007/s12011-020-02369-4 ↗
75. Hammami I, Alabdallah NM, Jomaa AA, Kamoun M. Gold nanoparticles: synthesis properties and applications. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2021;33(7):101560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101560.10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101560 ↗
76. El-Kemary M, Nagy N, El-Mehasseb I. Nickel oxide nanoparticles: synthesis and spectral studies of interactions with glucose. Mater Sci Semicond Process. 2013;16(6):1747–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2013.05.018.10.1016/j.mssp.2013.05.018 ↗
77. Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, Iravani S, Varma RS. Trimetallic nanoparticles: greener synthesis and their applications. Nanomaterials. 2020;10(9):1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091784.10.3390/nano10091784 ↗
78. Cleare LG, Li KL, Abuzeid WM, Nacharaju P, Friedman JM, Nosanchuk JD. NO Candida auris: nitric oxide in nanotherapeutics to combat emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris. J Fungi. 2020;6(2):85. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6020085.10.3390/jof6020085 ↗
79. Cao Z, Spilker T, Fan Y, Kalikin LM, Ciotti S, LiPuma JJ, Makidon PE, Wilkinson JE, Baker JR, Wang SH. Nanoemulsion is an effective antimicrobial for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in infected wounds. Nanomedicine. 2017;12(10):1177–85. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2017-0025.10.2217/nnm-2017-0025 ↗
80. Mustafa IF, Hussein MZ. Synthesis and technology of nanoemulsion-based pesticide formulation. Nanomaterials. 2020;10(8):1608. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10081608.10.3390/nano10081608 ↗
81. Mohamed DY. Detection the antifungal effect of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on mold which isolated from domestic’s bathroom. Al-Mustansiriyah J Sci. 2018;29(1):15–22. https://doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v29i1.274.10.23851/mjs.v29i1.274 ↗
82. Betancourt-Galindo R, Reyes-Rodriguez PY, Puente-Urbina BA, Avila-Orta CA, Rodríguez-Fernández OS, Cadenas-Pliego G, Lira-Saldivar RH, García-Cerda LA. Synthesis of copper nanoparticles by thermal decomposition and their antimicrobial properties. J Nanomater. 2014;2014:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/980545.10.1155/2014/980545 ↗
83. Garse H, Jagtap P, Kadam V. Solid lipid nanoparticles based gel for topical delivery of antifungal agent. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2015;6(8):3571–9. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(8).3571-79.10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(8).3571-79 ↗
84. Sojinrin T, Conde J, Liu K, Curtin J, Byrne HJ, Cui D, Tian F. Plasmonic gold nanoparticles for detection of fungi and human cutaneous fungal infections. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2017;409(19):4647–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-017-0414-7.10.1007/s00216-017-0414-7 ↗
85. Aldosari MA, Darwish SS, Adam MA, Elmarzugi NA, Ahmed SM. Using ZnO nanoparticles in fungal inhibition and self-protection of exposed marble columns in historic sites. Archaeol Anthropol Sci. 2019;11(7):3407–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0762-z.10.1007/s12520-018-0762-z ↗
86. Hasheminejad N, Khodaiyan F, Safari M. Improving the antifungal activity of clove essential oil encapsulated by chitosan nanoparticles. Food Chem. 2019;275:113–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.085.10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.085 ↗
87. Humisto A, Jokela J, Teigen K, Wahlsten M, Permi P, Sivonen K, Herfindal L. Characterization of the interaction of the antifungal and cytotoxic cyclic glycolipopeptide hassallidin with sterol-containing lipid membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Biomembr. 2019;1861(8):1510–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.03.010.10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.03.010 ↗
88. Alhowyan AA, Altamimi MA, Kalam MA, Khan AA, Badran M, Binkhathlan Z, Alkholief M, Alshamsan A. Antifungal efficacy of Itraconazole loaded PLGA-nanoparticles stabilized by vitamin-E TPGS: in vitro and ex vivo studies. J Microbiol Methods. 2019;161:87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2019.01.020.10.1016/j.mimet.2019.01.020 ↗
89. Spadari CDC, De Bastiani FWMDS, Lopes LB, Ishida K. Alginate nanoparticles as non-toxic delivery system for miltefosine in the treatment of candidiasis and cryptococcosis. Int J Nanomed. 2019;14:5187–99. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S205350.10.2147/IJN.S205350 ↗
90. Fernandes Costa A, Evangelista Araujo D, Santos Cabral M, TelesBrito I, Borges De MenezesLeite L, Pereira M, Correa Amaral A. Development, characterization, and in vitro–in vivo evaluation of polymeric nanoparticles containing miconazole and farnesol for treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Med Mycol. 2019;57(1):52–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myx155.10.1093/mmy/myx155 ↗
91. Roque L, Castro P, Molpeceres J, Viana AS, Roberto A, Reis C, Rijo P, Tho I, Sarmento B, Reis C. Bioadhesive polymeric nanoparticles as strategy to improve the treatment of yeast infections in oral cavity: In-vitro and ex-vivo studies. Eur Polym J. 2018;104:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.04.032.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.04.032 ↗
92. Yang M, Xie S, Adhikari VP, Dong Y, Du Y, Li D. The synergistic fungicidal effect of low-frequency and low-intensity ultrasound with amphotericin B-loaded nanoparticles on C. albicans in vitro. Int J Pharm. 2018;542(1–2):232–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.033.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.033 ↗
93. Zambom CR, Da Fonseca FH, Crusca E, Da Silva PB, Pavan FR, Chorilli M, Garrido SS. A novel antifungal system with potential for prolonged delivery of histatin 5 to limit growth of Candida albicans. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1667. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01667.10.3389/fmicb.2019.01667 ↗
94. Khan WA, Sharma V, Maurya P, Bijauliya RK. Development and characterization of oxiconazole nitrate loaded ethosomal gel for treating fungal infection. World J Pharmacol Res. 2019;8(10):1341–56. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr201910-15708ns.10.20959/wjpr201910-15708ns ↗
95. Fetih G. Fluconazole-loaded niosomal gels as a topical ocular drug delivery system for corneal fungal infections. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2016;35:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2016.06.002.10.1016/j.jddst.2016.06.002 ↗
96. Guo F, Wang J, Ma M, Tan F, Li N. Skin targeted lipid vesicles as novel nano-carrier of ketoconazole: characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2015;26(4):175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-015-5487-2.10.1007/s10856-015-5487-2 ↗
97. Laurent A, Pantet O, Laurent L, Hirt-Burri N, De Buys Roessingh A, Raffoul W, Laurent P, Monod M, Applegate LA. Potency and stability of liposomal Amphotericin B formulated for topical management of Aspergillus spp. infections in burn patients. Burns Open. 2020;4(3):110–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burnso.2019.09.001.10.1016/j.burnso.2019.09.001 ↗
98. Nafisi S, Maibach HI. Skin penetration of nanoparticles. In: Emerging nanotechnologies in immunology, pp 47–88. Elsevier; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-40016-9.00003-810.1016/B978-0-323-40016-9.00003-8 ↗
99. Hu Y, Zhang W, Chu X, Wang A, He Z, Si C-L, Hu W. Dendritic cell-targeting polymer nanoparticle-based immunotherapy for cancer: a review. Int J Pharm. 2023;635:122703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122703.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122703 ↗
100. Desai P, Patlolla RR, Singh M. Interaction of nanoparticles and cell-penetrating peptides with skin for transdermal drug delivery. Mol Membr Biol. 2010;27(7):247–59. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687688.2010.522203.10.3109/09687688.2010.522203 ↗