Hydrogen sensors based on polyaniline and its hybrid materials: a mini review
Source abstract
Abstract
This mini-review examines the potential of polyaniline (PANI) composites in hydrogen sensing applications, emphasizing the mechanisms underlying PANI-hydrogen interactions. It highlights the properties and synthesis methods of different nanostructured pure PANI, PANI-carbon-based composites, and PANI-metal oxide-based composites, emphasizing approaches and PANI's hydrogen sensing performance. The review explores the electrical and morphological properties of PANI and different hybrid materials' nanocomposites, focusing on their enhanced sensitivity in hydrogen detection. Additionally, it addresses challenges such as poor solubility and low thermal stability, while outlining future research directions to advance this critical field.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Conducting polymers and applications · Analytical Chemistry and Sensors · Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Ellis GS, Gelman SE. Model predictions of global geologic hydrogen resources. Sci Adv. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ado0955.10.1126/sciadv.ado0955 ↗
2. Sisman O, Erkovan M, Kilinc N Hydrogen sensors for safety applications, First Edit. Elsevier Ltd; 2023.10.1016/B978-0-323-95553-9.00061-3 ↗
3. de Kleijne K, Huijbregts MAJ, Knobloch F, et al. Worldwide greenhouse gas emissions of green hydrogen production and transport. Nat Energy. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01563-1.10.1038/s41560-024-01563-1 ↗
4. Ponnamma D, Sadasivuni KK, Strankowski M, et al. Eco-friendly electromagnetic interference shielding materials from flexible reduced graphene oxide filled polycaprolactone/polyaniline nanocomposites. Polym Plast Technol Eng. 2016;55:920–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2015.1132435.10.1080/03602559.2015.1132435 ↗
5. Aizamddin MF, Mahat MM, Zainal Ariffin Z, et al. Antibacterial performance of protonated polyaniline-integrated polyester fabrics. Polymers (Basel). 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14132617.10.3390/polym14132617 ↗
6. Jlassi K, Radwan AB, Sadasivuni KK, et al. Anti-corrosive and oil sensitive coatings based on epoxy/polyaniline/magnetite-clay composites through diazonium interfacial chemistry. Sci Rep. 2018;8:13369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31508-0.10.1038/s41598-018-31508-0 ↗
7. Sadasivuni KK, Ponnamma D, Kasak P, et al. Designing dual phase sensing materials from polyaniline filled styrene–isoprene–styrene composites. Mater Chem Phys. 2014;147:1029–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.06.055.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.06.055 ↗
8. Haynes A, Gouma PI. Perspective—conducting polymer hybrids as diagnostic chemosensors. J Electrochem Soc. 2022;169:037513. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5baf.10.1149/1945-7111/ac5baf ↗
9. Dhand C, Das M, Datta M, Malhotra BD. Recent advances in polyaniline based biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron. 2011;26:2811–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2010.10.017.10.1016/j.bios.2010.10.017 ↗
10. Pham QM, Kim S. High surface area polyaniline nanofiber synthesized in compressed CO2 and its application to a hydrogen sensor. Korean J Chem Eng. 2016;33:290–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-015-0122-y.10.1007/s11814-015-0122-y ↗
11. Arsat R, Yu XF, Li YX, et al. Hydrogen gas sensor based on highly ordered polyaniline nanofibers. Sens Actuators, B Chem. 2009;137:529–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.01.028.10.1016/j.snb.2009.01.028 ↗
12. Askar P, Kanzhigitova D, Ospanova A, et al. 1 Ppm-detectable hydrogen gas sensor based on nanostructured polyaniline. Sci Rep. 2024;14:26984. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77083-5.10.1038/s41598-024-77083-5 ↗
13. Lata KJ, Rana RK. Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline-copper oxide nano-composites. Int J Chem Stud. 2024;12:46–50. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2024.v12.i1a.12396.10.22271/chemi.2024.v12.i1a.12396 ↗
14. Choudhury S, Deepak D, Bhattacharya G, et al. MoS2-polyaniline based flexible electrochemical biosensor: toward pH monitoring in human sweat. Macromol Mater Eng. 2023;308:2300007. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.202300007.10.1002/mame.202300007 ↗
15. Gupta V, Miura N. Electrochemically deposited polyaniline nanowire’s network a high-performance electrode material for redox supercapacitor. Electrochem Solid-State Lett. 2005;8:2–5. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2087207.10.1149/1.2087207 ↗
16. Kausar A. Polyaniline and quantum dot-based nanostructures: Developments and perspectives. J Plast Film Sheeting. 2020;36:430–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756087920926649.10.1177/8756087920926649 ↗
17. Rakhi RB, Chen W, Alshareef HN. Conducting polymer/carbon nanocoil composite electrodes for efficient supercapacitors. J Mater Chem. 2012;22:5177–83. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JM15740C.10.1039/C2JM15740C ↗
18. Stoppa M, Chiolerio A. Wearable electronics and smart textiles: A critical review. Sensors (Switzerland). 2014;14:11957–92. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140711957.10.3390/s140711957 ↗
19. Liao Z, Lin C, Yang C, Jia Y, Wu P, Qiao S. Study on the Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Nano ZnO/polyaniline Composite Anticorrosive Coating. In2016 International Conference on Advances in Energy, Environment and Chemical Science 2016 May (pp. 294-298). Atlantis Press.10.2991/aeecs-16.2016.56 ↗
20. Hobaica SC. Stability of polyaniline in air and acidic water. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys. 2003;41:807–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.10437.10.1002/polb.10437 ↗
21. Fratoddi I, Venditti I, Cametti C, Russo MV. Chemiresistive polyaniline-based gas sensors: a mini review. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2015;220:534–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.05.107.10.1016/j.snb.2015.05.107 ↗
22. Kanzhigitova D, Askar P, Tapkharov A, et al. p-Toluenesulfonic acid doped vanadium pentoxide/polypyrrole film for highly sensitive hydrogen sensor. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater. 2023;6:218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-023-00796-0.10.1007/s42114-023-00796-0 ↗
23. Kafash S, Milani Moghaddam H. Porous polyaniline tube-like/TiO2 nano-heterostructure for sensing hydrogen gas at environmental conditions. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2022;47:14740–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.222.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.222 ↗
24. Sadek AZ, Baker CO, Powell DA, et al. Polyaniline nanofiber based surface acoustic wave gas sensors-effect of nanofiber diameter on H2 response. IEEE Sens J. 2007;7:213–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2006.883769.10.1109/JSEN.2006.883769 ↗
25. Jamnani SR, Moghaddam HM, Leonardi SG, Neri G. PANI/Sm2O3 nanocomposite sensor for fast hydrogen detection at room temperature. Synth Met. 2020;268:116493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2020.116493.10.1016/j.synthmet.2020.116493 ↗
26. Gawli Y, Banerjee A, Dhakras D, et al. 3D Polyaniline architecture by concurrent inorganic and organic acid doping for superior and robust high rate supercapacitor performance. Sci Rep. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21002.10.1038/srep21002 ↗
27. Ouyang J. Recent advances of intrinsically conductive polymers. Wuli Huaxue Xuebao/ Acta Phys - Chim Sin. 2018;34:1211–20. https://doi.org/10.3866/PKU.WHXB201804095.10.3866/PKU.WHXB201804095 ↗
28. Virji S, Kaner RB, Weiller BH. Hydrogen sensors based on conductivity changes in polyaniline nanofibers. J Phys Chem B. 2006;110:22266–70. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp063166g.10.1021/jp063166g ↗
29. Al-Mashat L, Shin K, Kalantar-Zadeh K, et al. Graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite for hydrogen sensing. J Phys Chem C. 2010;114:16168–73. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp103134u.10.1021/jp103134u ↗
30. Fowler JD, Virji S, Kaner RB, Weiller BH. Hydrogen detection by Polyaniline nanofibers on gold and platinum electrodes. J Phys Chem C. 2009;113:6444–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp810500q.10.1021/jp810500q ↗
31. Koo WT, Cho HJ, Kim DH, et al. Chemiresistive hydrogen sensors: fundamentals, recent advances, and challenges. ACS Nano. 2020;14:14284–322. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c05307.10.1021/acsnano.0c05307 ↗
32. Shin W, Matsumiya M, Izu N, Murayama N. Hydrogen-selective thermoelectric gas sensor. Sens Actuators, B Chem. 2003;93:304–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(03)00225-9.10.1016/S0925-4005(03)00225-9 ↗
33. Shah MA, Lee DG, Lee BY, Hur S. Classifications and applications of inkjet printing technology: a review. IEEE Access. 2021;9:140079–102. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3119219.10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3119219 ↗
34. Liu N, Sheng X, Zhang M, et al. Squeeze-type piezoelectric inkjet printhead actuating waveform design method based on numerical simulation and experiment. Micromachines. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13101695.10.3390/mi13101695 ↗
35. Le DD, Nguyen TNN, Doan DCT, et al. Fabrication of interdigitated electrodes by inkjet printing technology for apllication in ammonia sensing. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/7/2/025002.10.1088/2043-6262/7/2/025002 ↗
36. Crowley K, Morrin A, Shepherd RL, et al. Fabrication of polyaniline-based gas sensors using piezoelectric inkjet and screen printing for the detection of hydrogen sulfide. IEEE Sens J. 2010;10:1419–26. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2010.2044996.10.1109/JSEN.2010.2044996 ↗
37. Abuzalat O, Wong D, Park SS, Kim S. High-performance, room temperature hydrogen sensing with a Cu-BTC/polyaniline nanocomposite film on a quartz crystal microbalance. IEEE Sens J. 2019;19:4789–95. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2904870.10.1109/JSEN.2019.2904870 ↗
38. Bavili N, Balkan T, Morova B, et al. Highly sensitive optical sensor for hydrogen gas based on a polymer microcylinder ring resonator. Sens Actuators, B Chem. 2020;310:127806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.127806.10.1016/j.snb.2020.127806 ↗
39. Lee JS, Kim SG, Cho S, Jang J. Porous palladium coated conducting polymer nanoparticles for ultrasensitive hydrogen sensors. Nanoscale. 2015;7:20665–73. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr06193h.10.1039/c5nr06193h ↗
40. Mirzaei A, Kumar V, Bonyani M, et al. Conducting polymer nanofibers based sensors for organic and inorganic gaseous compounds. Asian J Atmos Environ. 2020;14:85–104. https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2020.14.2.85.10.5572/ajae.2020.14.2.85 ↗
41. Huang J, Virji S, Weiller BH, Kaner RB. Nanostructured polyaniline sensors. Chem - A Eur J. 2004;10:1314–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200305211.10.1002/chem.200305211 ↗
42. Cheung JH, Stockton WB, Rubner MF. Molecular-level processing of conjugated polymers. 3. Layer-by-layer manipulation of polyaniline via electrostatic interactions. Macromolecules. 1997;30:2712–6. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma970047d.10.1021/ma970047d ↗
43. Ferreira M, Onitsuka O, Stockton WB, Rubner MF (1997) Self-assembled heterostructures of electroactive polymers: new opportunities for thin-film devices. In: Photonic and Optoelectronic Polymers. American Chemical Society, pp 29–43710.1021/bk-1997-0672.ch029 ↗
44. Yang Z, Peng H, Wang W, Liu T. Crystallization behavior of poly(ε-caprolactone)/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010;116:2658–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.10.1002/app ↗
45. Bhadra S, Singha NK, Khastgir D. Dual functionality of PTSA as electrolyte and dopant in the electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline, and its effect on electrical properties. Polym Int. 2007;56:919–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.2225.10.1002/pi.2225 ↗
46. Mahato N, Jang H, Dhyani A, Cho S. Recent progress in conducting polymers for hydrogen storage and fuel cell applications. Polymers. 2020;12:2480.10.3390/polym12112480 ↗
47. Kanzhigitova D, Abutalip M, Nazir F, et al. Controlled synthesis of polyaniline-based nanomaterials with self-assembly and interface manipulation. Langmuir. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03167.10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03167 ↗
48. Abutalip M, Zhigerbayeva G, Kanzhigitova D, et al. Strategic synthesis of 2D and 3D conducting polymers and derived nanocomposites. Adv Mater. 2022;2208864:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202208864.10.1002/adma.202208864 ↗
49. Xue Y, Chen S, Yu J, et al. Nanostructured conducting polymers and their composites: synthesis methodologies, morphologies and applications. J Mater Chem C. 2020;8:10136–59. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tc02152k.10.1039/d0tc02152k ↗
50. Dan LI, Huang J, Kaner RB. Polyaniline nanofibers: a unique polymer nanostructure for versatile applications. Acc Chem Res. 2009;42:135–45. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar800080n.10.1021/ar800080n ↗
51. Pang Z, Yildirim E, Pasquinelli MA, Wei Q. Ammonia sensing performance of polyaniline-coated polyamide 6 nanofibers. ACS Omega. 2021;6:8950–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c06272.10.1021/acsomega.0c06272 ↗
52. Sharma HJ, Sonwane ND, Kondawar SB. Electrospun SnO2/Polyaniline composite nanofibers based low temperature hydrogen gas sensor. Fibers Polym. 2015;16:1527–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-015-5222-0.10.1007/s12221-015-5222-0 ↗
53. Febrina M, Rianjanu A, Rajak A, et al. Electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers mixed with citric acid as a quartz crystal microbalance ammonia vapor sensor. ChemistrySelect. 2022;7:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202103615.10.1002/slct.202103615 ↗
54. Liu J, Cui N, Xu Q, et al. High-performance PANI-based ammonia gas sensor promoted by surface nanostructuralization. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol. 2021;10:027007. https://doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/abe3ce.10.1149/2162-8777/abe3ce ↗
55. Joulazadeh M, Navarchian AH. Alcohol sensibility of one-dimensional polyaniline and polypyrrole nanostructures. IEEE Sens J. 2015;15:1697–704. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2014.2360915.10.1109/JSEN.2014.2360915 ↗
56. Zou Y, Wang Q, Xiang C, et al. Doping composite of polyaniline and reduced graphene oxide with palladium nanoparticles for room-temperature hydrogen-gas sensing. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2016;41:5396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.02.023.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.02.023 ↗
57. Tang CC, Huang R, Long Y-Z, et al. Synthesis, structural and gas sensing properties of nano-branched coaxial polyaniline fibers by electrospinning. Adv Mater Res. 2012;562–564:308–11. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.562-564.308.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.562-564.308 ↗
58. Shrivastava S, Mathur S, Sharma N, et al. Effect of MWNT concentration on hydrogen gas sensing property of MWNT-ployaniline composite. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2023;48:38107–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.053.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.053 ↗
59. Bafandeh N, Solaymani S, Sabbaghzadeh J, et al. Carbon nanotubes/polyaniline as hydrogen gas sensor: optical bandgap, micro-morphology, and skin depth studies. AIP Adv. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0141597.10.1063/5.0141597 ↗
60. Chen W, Rakhi RB, Alshareef HN. Morphology-dependent enhancement of the pseudocapacitance of template-guided tunable polyaniline nanostructures. J Phys Chem C. 2013;117:15009–19. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp405300p.10.1021/jp405300p ↗
61. Xiong S, Zhang Y, Wang Y, et al. Comparative study on the supercapacitive properties of PANI nanofibers, nanotubes, and nanospheres. High Perform Polym. 2020;32:600–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954008319890644.10.1177/0954008319890644 ↗
62. Huang J, Virji S, Weiller BH, Kaner RB. Polyaniline nanofibers: facile synthesis and chemical sensors. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:314–5. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja028371y.10.1021/ja028371y ↗
63. Qin A, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Click polymerization. Chem Soc Rev. 2010;39:2522–44. https://doi.org/10.1039/b909064a.10.1039/b909064a ↗
64. Pan L, Yu G, Zhai D, Lee HR, Zhao W, Liu N, Wang H, Tee BC, Shi Y, Cui Y, Bao Z. Hierarchical nanostructured conducting polymer hydrogel with high electrochemical activity. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2012;109(24):9287–92. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202636109/-/DCSupplemental.10.1073/pnas.1202636109/-/DCSupplemental ↗
65. Rana DS, Kalia S, Kumar R, et al. Two-dimensional layered reduced graphene oxide-tungsten disulphide nanocomposite for highly sensitive and selective determination of para nitrophenol. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag. 2022;18:100724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2022.100724.10.1016/j.enmm.2022.100724 ↗
66. Kalia S, Rana DS, Thakur N, et al. Two-dimensional layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) heterostructures modified with Fe3O4 for electrochemical sensing of epinephrine. Mater Chem Phys. 2022;287:126274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126274.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126274 ↗
67. Murugesan T, Kumar RR, Anbalagan AK, et al. Interlinked polyaniline/ZnO nanorod composite for selective NO2Gas sensing at room temperature. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2022;5:4921–30. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c04519.10.1021/acsanm.1c04519 ↗
68. Sharma S, Kumar R, Yadav RM. Polyacrylonitrile/N-doped graphene quantum dots nanocomposite activity as SERS nanosensors for detection of methylene blue. Mater Today Commun. 2023;36:106860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.106860.10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.106860 ↗
69. Zhang Y, Zhuang X, Su Y, et al. Polyaniline nanosheet derived B/N co-doped carbon nanosheets as efficient metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. J Mater Chem A. 2014;2:7742–6. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta00814f.10.1039/c4ta00814f ↗
70. Rana DS, Kalia S, Kumar R, et al. Microwave-assisted facile synthesis of layered reduced graphene oxide-tungsten disulfide sandwiched Fe3O4 nanocomposite as effective and sensitive sensor for detection of dopamine. Mater Chem Phys. 2022;287:126283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126283.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126283 ↗
71. Maegawa K, Nagai H, Kumar R, et al. Development of polybenzimidazole modification with open-edges/porous-reduced graphene oxide composite membranes for excellent stability and improved PEM fuel cell performance. Mater Chem Phys. 2023;294:126994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126994.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126994 ↗
72. Rana DS, Kalia S, Thakur N, et al. Synthesis of reduced graphene oxide-molybdenum disulfide nanocomposite as potential scaffold for fabrication of efficient hydrazine sensor. Mater Chem Phys. 2023;294:127048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.127048.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.127048 ↗
73. Kumar R, Dias W, Rubira RJG, et al. Simple and fast approach for synthesis of reduced graphene oxide–MoS2 hybrids for room temperature gas detection. IEEE Trans Electron Dev. 2018;65:3943–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2018.2851955.10.1109/TED.2018.2851955 ↗
74. Babel V, Hiran BL. A review on polyaniline composites: synthesis, characterization, and applications. Polym Compos. 2021;42:3142–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26048.10.1002/pc.26048 ↗
75. Zhang W, Cao S, Wu Z, Zhang M, Cao Y, Guo J, Zhong F, Duan H, Jia D. High-performance gas sensor of polyaniline / carbon nanotube composites promoted by. Sensors. 2019;20:149.10.3390/s20010149 ↗
76. Wang K, Meng Q, Zhang Y, et al. High-performance two-ply yarn supercapacitors based on carbon nanotubes and polyaniline nanowire arrays. Adv Mater. 2013;25:1494–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201204598.10.1002/adma.201204598 ↗
77. Yadav AK, Mohammad N, Chamanehpour E, et al. Polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites with Se Te and their metal chalcogenides: a review. RSC Appl Polym. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4lp00093e.10.1039/d4lp00093e ↗
78. Badry R, Elhaes H, Ibrahim A, et al. Investigating the electronic properties and reactivity of polyaniline emeraldine base functionalized with metal oxides. Sci Rep. 2024;14:27024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-72435-7.10.1038/s41598-024-72435-7 ↗
79. Bafandeh N, Larijani MM, Shafiekhani A. Investigation on hydrogen sensing property of MWCNT/Pani nanocomposite films. Polym Bull. 2020;77:3697–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-02915-8.10.1007/s00289-019-02915-8 ↗
80. Wu Z, Chen X, Zhu S, et al. Enhanced sensitivity of ammonia sensor using graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite. Sens Actuators, B Chem. 2013;178:485–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.01.014.10.1016/j.snb.2013.01.014 ↗
81. Yan Y, Yang G, Xu JL, et al. Conducting polymer-inorganic nanocomposite-based gas sensors: a review. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2020;21:768–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2020.1820845.10.1080/14686996.2020.1820845 ↗
82. Jia A, Liu B, Liu H, et al. Interface design of SnO2@PANI nanotube with enhanced sensing performance for ammonia detection at room temperature. Front Chem. 2020;8:1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00383.10.3389/fchem.2020.00383 ↗
83. Farooqi BA, Yar M, Ashraf A, et al. Remarkable enhancement in sensor ability of polyaniline upon composite formation with ZnO for industrial effluents. J Mol Graph Model. 2020;101:107724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107724.10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107724 ↗
84. Pippara RK, Chauhan PS, Yadav A, et al. Room temperature hydrogen sensing with polyaniline/SnO2/Pd nanocomposites. Micro Nano Eng. 2021;12:100086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mne.2021.100086.10.1016/j.mne.2021.100086 ↗
85. Venkatesh E, Singh S, Tripathy S, Singh SG. Amorphous-Carbon/Si heterojunction device for room-temperature NH 3 sensing. IEEE Sens Lett. 2018;3(2):1–4.10.1109/LSENS.2018.2887255 ↗
86. Mashao G, Ramohlola KE, Mdluli SB, et al. Zinc-based zeolitic benzimidazolate framework/polyaniline nanocomposite for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen gas. Mater Chem Phys. 2019;230:287–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.03.079.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.03.079 ↗
87. Srivastava S, Kumar S, Singh VN, et al. Synthesis and characterization of TiO2 doped polyaniline composites for hydrogen gas sensing. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2011;36:6343–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.01.141.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.01.141 ↗
88. Nasirian S, Milani Moghaddam H. Effect of different titania phases on the hydrogen gas sensing features of polyaniline/TiO2 nanocomposite. Polymer (Guildf). 2014;55:1866–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.02.030.10.1016/j.polymer.2014.02.030 ↗
89. Milani Moghaddam H, Nasirian S. Hydrogen gas sensing feature of polyaniline/titania (rutile) nanocomposite at environmental conditions. Appl Surf Sci. 2014;317:117–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.08.062.10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.08.062 ↗
90. Srivastava S, Kumar S, Vijay YK. Preparation and characterization of tantalum/polyaniline composite based chemiresistor type sensor for hydrogen gas sensing application. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2012;37:3825–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.155.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.155 ↗
91. Arora K, Puri NK. Chemiresistive sensing platform based on PdO-PANI/ITO heterostructure for room temperature hydrogen detection. Mater Chem Phys. 2020;247:122850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.122850.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.122850 ↗
92. More AM, Sharma HJ, Kondawar SB, Dongre SP. Journal of Materials NanoScience Ag-SnO2 /Polyaniline composite nanofibers for low operating temperature hydrogen gas sensor. J Mater Nanosci J Mat NanoSci. 2017;4:13–8.
93. Sharma HJ, Jamkar DV, Kondawar SB. Electrospun nanofibers of conducting polyaniline/Al-SnO2 composites for hydrogen sensing applications. Proc Mater Sci. 2015;10:186–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2015.06.040.10.1016/j.mspro.2015.06.040 ↗
94. Enachi M, Lupan O, Braniste T, et al. Integration of individual TiO2 nanotube on the chip: nanodevice for hydrogen sensing. Phys Status Solidi - Rapid Res Lett. 2015;9:171–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201409562.10.1002/pssr.201409562 ↗
95. Nasirian S, Milani Moghaddam H. Hydrogen gas sensing based on polyaniline/anatase titania nanocomposite. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2014;39:630–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.09.152.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.09.152 ↗
96. Darmadi I, Nugroho FAA, Langhammer C. High-performance nanostructured palladium-based hydrogen sensors - current limitations and strategies for their mitigation. ACS Sens. 2020;5:3306–27. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.0c02019.10.1021/acssensors.0c02019 ↗
97. Mirzaei A, Yousefi HR, Falsafi F, et al. An overview on how Pd on resistive-based nanomaterial gas sensors can enhance response toward hydrogen gas. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2019;44:20552–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.180.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.180 ↗
98. Cho S, Lee JS, Jun J, Jang J. High-sensitivity hydrogen gas sensors based on Pd-decorated nanoporous poly(aniline-co-aniline-2-sulfonic acid):poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid). J Mater Chem A. 2014;2:1955–66. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta13741d.10.1039/c3ta13741d ↗
99. Liu X, Zheng W, Kumar R, et al. Conducting polymer-based nanostructures for gas sensors. Coord Chem Rev. 2022;462:214517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214517.10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214517 ↗
100. Sharma HJ. H2 and CO gas sensor from SnO2/polyaniline composite nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning. Adv Mater Proc. 2017;2:61–6. https://doi.org/10.5185/amp.2017/114.10.5185/amp.2017/114 ↗