Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Musca domestica extract as a novel bioresource for therapeutic evaluation
Source abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using biological resources offers a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods. While plants and microbes are commonly employed, insect-derived biomaterials remain largely unexplored. This study investigates Musca domestica L. (houseflies) extract as a novel bioresource for rapid, chemical-free biosynthesis of Ag-NPs, transforming an underutilized organism into a value-added scientific resource. METHODS AND RESULTS: and extract controls (p < 0.05, ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test). CONCLUSION: This study establishes Musca domestica L. extract as an effective, eco-friendly bioresource for rapid green synthesis of Ag-NPs. The enhanced bioactivity of the biogenic nanoparticles underscores the importance of nanoparticle formulation in therapeutic applications. Future investigations focusing on dose-response, mechanistic insights, and cytotoxicity evaluations are warranted to fully realize their biomedical potential.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications · Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants · Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (47)
Show source-provided references
1. Unsal V, Ercan L, Gunbegi CC. Characterization of zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized with morin hydrate, and investigation and comparison of their antioxidant, antimicrobial, apoptotic, and anticarcinogenic properties. Discover Nano. 2026;21(1):62.10.1186/s11671-026-04475-z ↗
2. Kitimu SR, Kirira P, Abdille AA, Sokei J, Ochwang’i D, Mwitari P, et al. Anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic effects of biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized using Azadirachta indica. Adv Biosci Biotechnol. 2022;13(04):188–206. https://doi.org/10.4236/abb.2022.134010.10.4236/abb.2022.134010 ↗
3. Abbigeri MB, Thokchom B, Singh SR, Bhavi SM, Harini BP, Yarajarla RB. Antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Martynia annua L. root extract. Nano TransMed. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntm.2025.100070.10.1016/j.ntm.2025.100070 ↗
4. Chandraker SK, Lal M, Dhruve P, Yadav AK, Singh RP, Varma RS, et al. Bioengineered and biocompatible silver nanoparticles from Thalictrum foliolosum DC and their biomedical applications. Clean Technol Environ Policy. 2022;24(8):2479–94.10.1007/s10098-022-02329-7 ↗
5. Kumar M. XRD analysis for characterization of green nanoparticles: a mini review. Global J Pharmacy Pharma Sci. 2022;10(1):555779.
6. Shah ST, Sari IP, Yanto DHY, Chowdhury ZZ, Bashir MN, Badruddin IA, et al. Nature’s nanofactories: biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles for sustainable technologies. Green Chem Lett Rev. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2024.2448171.10.1080/17518253.2024.2448171 ↗
7. Alampally BB, Subba Rao Y, Pidamarthi S, Miditana SR, Dhanavath P, Durga Bhavani AK. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica (Neem) fruit pulp extract and their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activity. Sustain Chem Environ. 2025;11:100282.10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100282 ↗
8. Chandraker SK, Kumar R. Biogenic biocompatible silver nanoparticles: a promising antibacterial agent. Biotechnol Gene Engneer Rev. 2024;40(4):3113–47.10.1080/02648725.2022.2106084 ↗
9. Nair S, Ansari A, Khan S, Pratap A, Mali SN. Anti-inflammatory activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs): an updated systematic review from in vivo, and in vitro studies. Inflammopharmacology. 2026;34:2135–74.10.1007/s10787-026-02167-9 ↗
10. Gurung B, Subba B. Practical manual on fundamentals of entomology. PMW (PUBLISH MY WORK); 2024.10.59317/9789361345395 ↗
11. Alsaad R. Control study of Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) in Misan Province. F1000Res. 2023;12:459–69. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.132636.2.10.12688/f1000research.132636.2 ↗
12. Gunasekaran S, Sivaji S, Sathiyavimal S, Devadas MK, Vadakkan K, Tungphatthong C, et al. Sunlight-activated photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes using Talipariti tiliaceum L.-mediated silver nano-photocatalyst: a sustainable approach to environmental remediation. Catalysts. 2025;16(1):20.10.3390/catal16010020 ↗
13. Chandraker SK, Lal M, Dhruve P, Singh RP, Shukla R. Cytotoxic, antimitotic, DNA binding, photocatalytic, H2O2 sensing, and antioxidant properties of biofabricated silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;7:593040.10.3389/fmolb.2020.593040 ↗
14. Tończyk A, Niedziałkowska K, Lisowska K. Optimizing the microbial synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Gloeophyllum striatum and their antimicrobial potential evaluation. Scientific Rep. 2023;13(1):21124.10.1038/s41598-023-48414-9 ↗
15. Suriyakala G, Sathiyaraj S, Paranthaman UG, Velmurugan R, Jayashan SS, Babujanarthanam R, et al. Agro-waste mediated silver nanoparticles from Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth fruit peel and their multifaceted biomedical applications. Nano-Struct Nano-Objects. 2024;38:101189–99.10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101189 ↗
16. Vanlalveni C, Ralte V, Zohmingliana H, Das S, Jasha MH, Anal LS, et al. A review of microbes mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their enhanced antimicrobial activities. Heliyon. 2024;10(11):e32333–43.10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32333 ↗
17. Atoki AV, Aja PM, Shinkafi TS, Ondari EN, Adeniyi AI, Fasogbon IV, et al. Exploring the versatility of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism in biomedical research: a comprehensive review. Fly. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/19336934.2024.2420453.10.1080/19336934.2024.2420453 ↗
18. Nayduch D, Neupane S, Pickens V, Purvis T, Olds C. House flies are underappreciated yet important reservoirs and vectors of microbial threats to animal and human health. Microorganisms. 2023;11(3):583.10.3390/microorganisms11030583 ↗
19. Hoşgören H. Green synthesis and characterisation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Rubus sanctus schreber leaf aqueous extract and evaluation of their antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Kuwait J Sci. 2025;52(3):100416.10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100416 ↗
20. Giansanti MG, Piergentili R. Drosophila: a versatile model in biology and medicine. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(11):5032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115032.10.3390/ijms26115032 ↗
21. Jakinala P, Lingampally N, Hameeda B, Sayyed RZ, Khan MY, Elsayed EA, et al. Silver nanoparticles from insect wing extract: biosynthesis and evaluation for antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(3):e0241729. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241729.10.1371/journal.pone.0241729 ↗
22. Khac KT, Phu HH, Thi HT, Thuy VD, Thi HD. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using tea leaf extract (Camellia sinensis) for photocatalyst and antibacterial effect. Heliyon. 2023;9(10):e20707–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20707.10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20707 ↗
23. Jalab J, Abdelwahed W, Kitaz A, Al-Kayali R. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Acacia cyanophylla and its antibacterial activity. Heliyon. 2021;7(9):e08033.10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08033 ↗
24. Yamaguchi M, Yamamoto S. Role of Drosophila in human disease research 2.0. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(8):4203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084203.10.3390/ijms23084203 ↗
25. Suriyakala G, Sathiyaraj S, Devanesan S, AlSalhi MS, Rajasekar A, Maruthamuthu MK, et al. Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Jatropha integerrima Jacq. flower extract and their possible applications as antibacterial and antioxidant agent. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29(2):680–8.10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.007 ↗
26. Chandraker SK, Lal M, Khanam F, Dhruve P, Singh RP, Shukla R. Therapeutic potential of biogenic and optimized silver nanoparticles using Rubia cordifolia L. leaf extract. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):8831.10.1038/s41598-022-12878-y ↗
27. Grainger R. Some useful formulae for particle size distributions and optical properties [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Apr 13]. Available from: https://eodg.atm.ox.ac.uk/user/grainger/research/aerosols.pdf
28. El-fallal A, El-Dein MN, Ebeed M. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Agrocybe cylindracea, and their antibacterial activity. Scientific J Damietta Facul Sci. 2022;12(1):1–8.10.21608/sjdfs.2022.240756 ↗
29. Alzubaidi AK, Al-Kaabi WJ, Ali AA, Albukhaty S, Al-Karagoly H, Sulaiman GM, et al. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using flaxseed extract and evaluation of their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Appl Sci. 2023;13(4):2182–92.10.3390/app13042182 ↗
30. Barabadi H, Soltani M, Noqani H, Kashani AS, Nasiri M, Karami K, et al. Animal-based evidence supports the influence of biogenic silver and gold nanomaterials on the serum lipid profile: a novel approach in antihyperlipidemia management. Results Surf Interfaces. 2024;16:100264–74.10.1016/j.rsurfi.2024.100264 ↗
31. Salve P, Vinchurkar A, Raut R, Chondekar R, Lakkakula J, Roy A, et al. An evaluation of antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from leaf extract of madhuca longifolia utilizing quantitative and qualitative methods. Molecules. 2022;27(19):6404.10.3390/molecules27196404 ↗
32. Fernando I, et al. A comprehensive review on the utilization of housefly larvae (Musca domestica) as dietary meals in aquaculture. Discover Sustain. 2025;6(1):986.10.1007/s43621-025-01826-1 ↗
33. Barabadi H, Mobaraki K, Jounaki K, Sadeghian-Abadi S, Vahidi H, Jahani R, et al. Exploring the biological application of Penicillium fimorum-derived silver nanoparticles: In vitro physicochemical, antifungal, biofilm inhibitory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic performance. Heliyon. 2023;9(6):e16853–63.10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16853 ↗
34. Abdel-Aty AM, Barakat AZ, Bassuiny RI, Mohamed SA. Statistical optimization, characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticle biosynthesized by saw palmetto seed phenolic extract. Scientific Rep. 2023;13(1):15605.10.1038/s41598-023-42675-0 ↗
35. Barabadi H, Mobaraki K, Ashouri F, Noqani H, Jounaki K, Mostafavi E. Nanobiotechnological approaches in antinociceptive therapy: animal-based evidence for analgesic nanotherapeutics of bioengineered silver and gold nanomaterials. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2023;316:102917–27.10.1016/j.cis.2023.102917 ↗
36. Nayak S, Ghugare P, Vaidhun B. Green-synthesis of silver nanoparticles by hygrophila auriculata extract: innovative technique and comprehensive evaluation. Indian J Pharma Edu Res. 2021;55(2s):s510–7.10.5530/ijper.55.2s.122 ↗
37. Muna HM, Alshaikhly NS, Al-khafaji MM. Synergistic effect of antibiotic with green synthesized silver nano particles agianst uropathogenic E.Coli biofilm. Iraqi J Agric Sci. 2023;54(6):1622–35.10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1862 ↗
38. Caturano A, Nilo R, Nilo D, Russo V, Santonastaso E, Galiero R, et al. Advances in nanomedicine for precision insulin delivery. Pharmaceuticals. 2024;17(7):945–55.10.3390/ph17070945 ↗
39. Sharma D, Sharma A, Gautam HR. Green synthesized nanoparticles for disease management in vegetable crops: a review. Plant Nano Biology. 2025;13:100179.10.1016/j.plana.2025.100179 ↗
40. Elizondo-Luévano JH, Rodríguez-Garza NE, Bazaldúa-Rodríguez AF, Romo-Sáenz CI, Tamez-Guerra P, Verde-Star MJ, et al. Cytotoxic, anti-hemolytic, and antioxidant activities of Ruta chalepensis L. (Rutaceae) extract, fractions, and isolated compounds. Plants Basel. 2023;12(11):2203–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112203.10.3390/plants12112203 ↗
41. Kumar A, Upadhyay A, Azad C. Practical manual insect morphology [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2026 Mar 25]. Available from: https://www.csauk.ac.in/uploads/2025/02/ENT-501-Insect-Morphology.pdf
42. Christos RE, Anwar H, Lau V, Hadinata E, Syahputra RA, Hardinsyah H, et al. Harnessing nanotechnology with mushroom-derived bioactives: targeting inflammatory pathways and miRNAs in osteoarthritis. J Agric Food Res. 2025;20:101791.
43. Sathiyaraj S, Suriyakala G, Gandhi AD, Babujanarthanam R, Kaviyarasu K, Rajakrishnan R, et al. Chemical composition and mosquitocidal efficacy of panchagavya against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2022;34(4):101960.10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101960 ↗
44. Gupta S, Choudhary DK, Sundaram S. Green Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using citrus sinensis (Orange peel) extract and their antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity. Waste Biomass Valorization. 2024;16(3):1101–14.10.1007/s12649-024-02782-z ↗
45. Khodeer DM, Nasr AM, Swidan S, Shabayek S, Khinkar RM, Aldurdunji MM, et al. Characterization, antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti- anopheles stephensi atory activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Phragmanthera austroarabica A. G. Mill and J. A. Nyberg extract. Front Microbiol. 2023;13:1078061.10.3389/fmicb.2022.1078061 ↗
46. Singh H, Desimone MF, Pandya SR, Jasani S, George N, Adnan M, et al. Revisiting the green synthesis of nanoparticles: uncovering influences of plant extracts as reducing agents for enhanced synthesis efficiency and its biomedical applications. Int J Nanomed. 2023;18(4727–50):24.
47. Mehra V, Kumar S, Tamang AM, Chandraker SK. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by using plant extract and their biological application: a review. BioNanoScience. 2024;15(1):18.10.1007/s12668-024-01703-7 ↗