A theranostic wearable laser-induced graphene-hydrogel dressing for synergistic treatment and real-time monitoring of dermatophytosis

The complexity, high recurrence rate, and need for long-term monitoring in dermatophytosis treatment underscore the demand for high-performance antifungal strategies. Here, we present a theranostic wearable hydrogel dressing (LIG⁺ITZ@PCS hydrogel) that integrates laser-induced graphene (LIG) with co-encapsulated itraconazole (ITZ) for synergistic therapy and real-time monitoring. This platform features a cationic LIG⁺ surface (+43.1 mV) for targeted fungal capture. Sunlight exposure induces a mild photothermal effect (∼45°C), which enables the controlled release of ITZ. The combined action of photothermal therapy (PTT) and ITZ inflicts multimodal injury on Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum), inducing ferroptosis along with other cellular damage mechanisms. This mechanism achieves T. rubrum eradication and biofilm disruption without recurrence in murine models. The conductive LIG network facilitates real-time, smartphone-based tracking of fungal load through voltage signals. Furthermore, LIG⁺ITZ@PCS hydrogel exert a powerful modulates immune microenvironment effect. This intelligent system, which integrates low-temperature phototherapy, immunotherapy, and real-time sensing, offers a comprehensive platform for dermatophytosis management.