Defect-related broadband dielectric loss mechanisms of Na1/2Sm1/2Ti1–(Al1/2Nb1/2) O3 ceramics

Dielectric ceramics with low dielectric loss in the microwave bands are key materials used in fifth/sixth-generation (5G/6G) telecommunication. Exploring the defect behavior and the broadband dielectric response of ceramics is helpful to understand the loss mechanism and develop novel low-loss microwave dielectric ceramics. In this work, Al/Nb was co-substituted for Ti ⁴⁺ in Na _1/2Sm _1/2TiO ₃ (NST) ceramics with a perovskite structure, and the low frequency, microwave and terahertz (THz) dielectric responses were investigated. In different frequency bands, the variations of dielectric loss with substitution amount are inconsistent. The Al/Nb-substitution increases the dielectric loss in the low frequency and microwave bands, while the dielectric loss in the THz band decreases. The changes in dielectric loss are closely related to the lattice defects in Na _1/2Sm _1/2Ti _{1– z}(Al _1/2Nb _1/2) _zO ₃ (NST- zAN, 0 ≤ z ≤ 0.1) ceramics, which are studied by thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) technique. The dielectric relaxation of the defects including oxygen vacancies ( V O · · ) and defect dipoles leads to the dielectric loss in the low-frequency and microwave bands. The dielectric loss in the THz band is mainly affected by the damping of lattice vibration, which is associate with the defect concentration. This work might provide a considerable reference for the development of low-loss dielectric materials.