Body-catapult mechanism of the sandhopper jump and its biomimetic implications

Power amplification with catapult-like structures in arthropods is well studied, including the jump mechanism of natural organisms and biomimetic applications in robotics. Most catapult jump mechanisms have been developed based on animals that use legs to jump. However, jumps of some arthropods that use body parts other than legs and that show outstanding performance have been less studied until now. Here, we experimentally studied the jumping behavior of the sandhopper Talitrus saltator to determine whether they jump through the catapult mechanism and identify its critical catapult structures. The results showed that the sandhopper jumps through a body-catapult mechanism (muscle-specific power output: 1.7-5.7 kW/kg, 3.4-11.4 times the power output limit of arthropod muscle). The arch-shaped structures at the fore margin of the five posterior segments can provide a large amount of strain energy storage and account for more than 80% of the total kinetic energy demand. In addition, we build a biomimetic bi-segment device whose extension movement is actuated by sandhopper-inspired spring units. The results indicate that a multi-segmented robotic configuration can achieve rapid jumps based on the same principles of the body-catapult mechanism of the sandhopper.