Space confinement of physical deposited Au nanoparticles on a three-dimensional-branched TiO2 photoanode for efficient photoelectrochemical overall water splitting
Source abstract
Abstract
In this paper, we present an effective route for boosting the photoelectrochemical overall water splitting to produce hydrogen and oxygen by modified TiO2 nanowire arrays (NWAs) photoanode. Such modification includes the synthesis of branched TiO2 NWAs and followed by the deposition of Au nanoparticles (NPs) via the magnetron sputtering and post-annealing for the dewetting of Au films. The physical deposition of Au on the TiO2 substrate with a hierarchical structure provides a feasible strategy to produce metal NPs with uniform size and distribution by the space confinement of the branched TiO2 NWAs. Those Au NPs rendered the intensified visible light absorption in a narrow band region due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect. The amplified electromagnetic field through the SPR excitation of the Au NPs and their passivation upon the surface of TiO2 NWAs led to the efficient generation and transfer of charge carriers. The synergistic effect between branched TiO2 NWAs and Au NPs resulted in the drastic enhancement of the photoelectrochemical overall water splitting to produce hydrogen and oxygen in the stoichiometric ratio. This work provides a facile method for the preparation of hierarchical metal/semiconductor composite photoelectrode with great potential in the efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting for hydrogen energy production and other applications in solar energy conversion.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Copper-based nanomaterials and applications · Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques · ZnO doping and properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (56)
Show source-provided references
1. Bashiri R, Samsudin MFR, Mohamed NM, Suhaimi NA, Ling LY, Sufian S, Kait CF (2020) Influence of growth time on photoelectrical characteristics and photocatalytic hydrogen production of decorated Fe2O3 on TiO2 nanorod in photoelectrochemical cell. Appl Surf Sci 510:145482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.14548210.1016/j.apsusc.2020.145482 ↗
2. Deng J, Su Y, Liu D, Yang P, Liu B, Liu C (2019) Nanowire photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 119(15):9221–9259. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b0023210.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00232 ↗
3. Dey S, Roy SC (2021) Hydrothermal temperature-controlled size and distribution of CeO2 nanoparticles over TiO2 nanorods: heterojunction characteristics and photoelectrochemical performance. Ceram Int 47(10):14603–14611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.02.04310.1016/j.ceramint.2021.02.043 ↗
4. Han Y, Wu J, Li Y, Gu X, He T, Zhao Y, Huang H, Liu Y, Kang Z (2022) Carbon dots enhance the interface electron transfer and photoelectrochemical kinetics in TiO2 photoanode. Appl Catal B 304:120983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.12098310.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120983 ↗
5. Ma H, Yuan C, Wang X, Wang H, Long Y, Chen Y, Wang Q, Cong Y, Zhang Y (2021) Deposition of CeO2 on TiO2 nanorods electrode by dielectric barrier discharge plasma to enhance the photoelectrochemical performance in high chloride salt system. Sep Purif Technol 276:119252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.11925210.1016/j.seppur.2021.119252 ↗
6. Ning FY, Shao MF, Xu SM, Fu Y, Zhang RK, Wei M, Evans DG, Duan X (2016) TiO2/graphene/NiFe-layered double hydroxide nanorod array photoanodes for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Energy Environ Sci 9(8):2633–2643. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ee01092j10.1039/c6ee01092j ↗
7. Rao PM, Cai L, Liu C, Cho IS, Lee CH, Weisse JM, Yang P, Zheng X (2014) Simultaneously efficient light absorption and charge separation in WO3/BiVO4 core/shell nanowire photoanode for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Nano Lett 14(2):1099–1106. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl500022z10.1021/nl500022z ↗
8. Shi X, Choi IY, Zhang K, Kwon J, Kim DY, Lee JK, Oh SH, Kim JK, Park JH (2014) Efficient photoelectrochemical hydrogen production from bismuth vanadate-decorated tungsten trioxide helix nanostructures. Nat Commun 5:4775–4782. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms577510.1038/ncomms5775 ↗
9. Su JY, Geng P, Li XY, Chen GH (2016) Graphene-linked graphitic carbon nitride/TiO2 nanowire arrays heterojunction for efficient solar-driven water splitting. J Appl Electrochem 46(8):807–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-016-0928-210.1007/s10800-016-0928-2 ↗
10. Yang H, Bright J, Kasani S, Zheng P, Musho T, Chen B, Huang L, Wu N (2018) Metal-organic framework coated titanium dioxide nanorod array p-n heterojunction photoanode for solar water-splitting. Nano Res 12(3):643–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2272-410.1007/s12274-019-2272-4 ↗
11. Zhang RK, Shao MF, Xu SM, Ning FY, Zhou L, Wei M (2017) Photo-assisted synthesis of zinc-iron layered double hydroxides/TiO2 nanoarrays toward highly-efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Energy 33:21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.01.02010.1016/j.nanoen.2017.01.020 ↗
12. Zhang X, Liu Y, Lee ST, Yang SH, Kang ZH (2014) Coupling surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles with slow-photon-effect of TiO2 photonic crystals for synergistically enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. Energy Environ Sci 7(4):1409–1419. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee43278e10.1039/c3ee43278e ↗
13. Huang KL, Li CH, Zhang XL, Meng XC, Wang L, Wang WT, Li ZZ (2020) TiO2 nanorod arrays decorated by nitrogen-doped carbon and g-C3N4 with enhanced photoelectrocatalytic activity. Appl Surf Sci 518:146219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.14621910.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146219 ↗
14. Li YG, Wang RR, Li HJ, Wei XL, Feng J, Liu KQ, Dang YQ, Zhou AN (2015) Efficient and stable photoelectrochemical seawater splitting with TiO2@g-C3N4 nanorod arrays decorated by Co-Pi. J Phys Chem C 119(35):20283–20292. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b0542710.1021/acs.jpcc.5b05427 ↗
15. Pang Y, Zang W, Kou Z, Zhang L, Xu G, Lv J, Gao X, Pan Z, Wang J, Wu Y (2020) Assembling of Bi atoms on TiO2 nanorods boosts photoelectrochemical water splitting of semiconductors. Nanoscale 12(7):4302–4308. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr00004c10.1039/d0nr00004c ↗
16. Wang LL, Tang GG, Liu S, Dong HL, Liu QQ, Sun JF, Tang H (2022) Interfacial active-site-rich 0D Co3O4/1D TiO2 p-n heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Chem Eng J 428:131338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.13133810.1016/j.cej.2021.131338 ↗
17. Liu Z, Xu K, Yu H, Zhang M, Sun Z (2021) In-situ preparation of double Z-scheme Bi2S3/BiVO4/TiO2 ternary photocatalysts for enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performance. Appl Surf Sci 545:148986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.14898610.1016/j.apsusc.2021.148986 ↗
18. Yu H, Zhang M, Wang YF, Lv JG, Liu YM, He G, Sun ZQ (2021) Low-temperature strategy for vapor phase hydrothermal synthesis of C\N\S-doped TiO2 nanorod arrays with enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic activity. J Ind Eng Chem 98:130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.02110.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.021 ↗
19. Zhang SC, Liu ZF, Yan WG, Guo ZG, Ruan MN (2020) Decorating non-noble metal plasmonic Al on a TiO2/Cu2O photoanode to boost performance in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chin J Catal 41(12):1884–1893. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63637-310.1016/S1872-2067(20)63637-3 ↗
20. Hoang S, Guo S, Hahn NT, Bard AJ, Mullins CB (2012) Visible light driven photoelectrochemical water oxidation on nitrogen-modified TiO2 nanowires. Nano Lett 12(1):26–32. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl202818810.1021/nl2028188 ↗
21. Wang G, Wang H, Ling Y, Tang Y, Yang X, Fitzmorris RC, Wang C, Zhang JZ, Li Y (2011) Hydrogen-treated TiO2 nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett 11(7):3026–3033. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl201766h10.1021/nl201766h ↗
22. Xiong XX, Li C, Yang XY, Shu Y, Jin DQ, Zang Y, Shu YS, Xu Q, Hu XY (2020) In situ grown TiO2 nanorod arrays functionalized by molecularly imprinted polymers for salicylic acid recognition and detection. J Electroanal Chem 873:114394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.11439410.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114394 ↗
23. Zhang SC, Liu ZF, Chen D, Guo ZG, Ruan MN (2020) Oxygen vacancies engineering in TiO2 homojunction/ZnFe-LDH for enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Chem Eng J 395:125101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.12510110.1016/j.cej.2020.125101 ↗
24. Li YY, Wang JG, Fan YC, Sun HH, Hua W, Liu HY, Wei BQ (2019) Plasmonic TiN boosting nitrogen-doped TiO2 for ultrahigh efficient photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution. Appl Catal B-Environ 246:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.01.04410.1016/j.apcatb.2019.01.044 ↗
25. Liu C, Zhang C, Yin G, Zhang T, Wang W, Ou G, Jin H, Chen Z (2021) A three-dimensional branched TiO2 photoanode with an ultrathin Al2O3 passivation layer and a NiOOH cocatalyst toward photoelectrochemical water oxidation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13(11):13301–13310. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c0094810.1021/acsami.1c00948 ↗
26. Hao J, Zhang S, Ren F, Wang Z, Lei J, Wang X, Cheng T, Li L (2017) Synthesis of TiO2@g-C3N4 core-shell nanorod arrays with Z-scheme enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light. J Colloid Interface Sci 508:419–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.06510.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.065 ↗
27. Liu C, Wang F, Zhang J, Wang K, Qiu Y, Liang Q, Chen Z (2018) Efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting by g-C3N4/TiO2 nanotube array heterostructures. Nanomicro Lett 10(2):37–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-018-0192-610.1007/s40820-018-0192-6 ↗
28. Ahmad A, Tezcan F, Yerlikaya G, Zia ur R, Paksoy H, Kardaş G (2021) Three dimensional rosette-rod TiO2/Bi2S3 heterojunction for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. J. Alloys Compd. 868:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.15913310.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159133 ↗
29. Wang J, Zhang WD (2012) Modification of TiO2 nanorod arrays by graphite-like C3N4 with high visible light photoelectrochemical activity. Electrochim Acta 71:10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.10210.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.102 ↗
30. Zhu L, Lu H, Hao D, Wang L, Wu Z, Wang L, Li P, Ye J (2017) Three-Dimensional Lupinus-like TiO2 nanorod@Sn3O4 nanosheet hierarchical heterostructured arrays as photoanode for enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(44):38537–38544. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b1187210.1021/acsami.7b11872 ↗
31. Lin H, Long X, An Y, Zhou D, Yang S (2019) Three-dimensional decoupling co-catalyst from a photoabsorbing semiconductor as a new strategy to boost photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett 19(1):455–460. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b0427810.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04278 ↗
32. Cho IS, Chen Z, Forman AJ, Kim DR, Rao PM, Jaramillo TF, Zheng X (2011) Branched TiO2 nanorods for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. Nano Lett 11(11):4978–4984. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl202939210.1021/nl2029392 ↗
33. Li Z, Luo L, Li M, Chen W, Liu Y, Yang J, Xu SM, Zhou H, Ma L, Xu M, Kong X, Duan H (2021) Photoelectrocatalytic C-H halogenation over an oxygen vacancy-rich TiO2 photoanode. Nat Commun 12(1):6698–6711. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26997-z10.1038/s41467-021-26997-z ↗
34. Lin S, Ren H, Wu Z, Sun L, Zhang XG, Lin YM, Zhang KHL, Lin CJ, Tian ZQ, Li JF (2021) Direct Z-scheme WO3-x nanowire-bridged TiO2 nanorod arrays for highly efficient photoelectrochemical overall water splitting. J Energy Chem 59:721–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.12.01010.1016/j.jechem.2020.12.010 ↗
35. Yu L, Fan W, He N, Liu Y, Han X, Qin F, Ding J, Zhu G, Bai H, Shi W (2021) Effect of unsaturated coordination on photoelectrochemical properties of Ni-MOF/TiO2 photoanode for water splitting. Int J Hydrogen Energy 46(34):17741–17750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.19410.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.194 ↗
36. Chen J-J, Wu JCS, Wu PC, Tsai DP (2010) Plasmonic photocatalyst for H2 evolution in photocatalytic water splitting. J Phys Chem C 115(1):210–216. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp107404810.1021/jp1074048 ↗
37. Huo S, Wu Y, Zhao C, Yu F, Fang J, Yang Y (2020) Core–shell TiO2@Au25/TiO2 nanowire arrays photoanode for efficient photoelectrochemical full water splitting. Ind Eng Chem Res 59(32):14224–14233. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c0211910.1021/acs.iecr.0c02119 ↗
38. Wu F, Hu X, Fan J, Liu E, Sun T, Kang L, Hou W, Zhu C, Liu H (2012) Photocatalytic activity of Ag/TiO2 nanotube arrays enhanced by surface plasmon resonance and application in hydrogen evolution by water splitting. Plasmonics 8(2):501–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-012-9418-510.1007/s11468-012-9418-5 ↗
39. Kim Woocheol, Park Jae Yeong, Kim Younghun (2019) ocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) under visible-light irradiation. J Ind Eng Chem 73:248–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2019.01.03210.1016/j.jiec.2019.01.032 ↗
40. Kong W Q, Zhang X F, Guo Y Z, He G L, Liu H L, Zhang S R, Yang B C (2021) TiO2@PCN core-shell nanoarrays decorated with Au nanoparticles for enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. Electrochimica Acta 376:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.13803610.1016/j.electacta.2021.138036 ↗
41. Pu YC, Wang G, Chang KD, Ling Y, Lin YK, Fitzmorris BC, Liu CM, Lu X, Tong Y, Zhang JZ, Hsu YJ, Li Y (2013) Au nanostructure-decorated TiO2 nanowires exhibiting photoactivity across entire UV-visible region for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett 13(8):3817–3823. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl401838510.1021/nl4018385 ↗
42. Su F, Wang T, Lv R, Zhang J, Zhang P, Lu J, Gong J (2013) Dendritic Au/TiO(2) nanorod arrays for visible-light driven photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nanoscale 5(19):9001–9009. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr02766j10.1039/c3nr02766j ↗
43. Cao Z, Yin YL, Fu P, Li D, Zhou YL, Wen ZJ, Peng YH, Wang WK, Zhou WC, Tang DS (2020) Branched TiO2 nanorod arrays decorated with au nanostructure for plasmon-enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. J Electrochem Soc 167(2):026509. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab6a7c10.1149/1945-7111/ab6a7c ↗
44. Xu F, Mei JJ, Zheng MQ, Bai DD, Wu DP, Gao ZY, Jiang K (2017) Au nanoparticles modified branched TiO2 nanorod array arranged with ultrathin nanorods for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. J Alloys Compd 693:1124–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.27310.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.273 ↗
45. Wang X, Long R, Liu D, Yang D, Wang C, Xiong Y (2016) Enhanced full-spectrum water splitting by confining plasmonic Au nanoparticles in N-doped TiO2 bowl nanoarrays. Nano Energy 24:87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.04.01310.1016/j.nanoen.2016.04.013 ↗
46. Yoo J, Altomare M, Mokhtar M, Alshehri A, Al-Thabaiti SA, Mazare A, Schmuki P (2016) Photocatalytic H2 generation using dewetted Pt-decorated TiO2 nanotubes: optimized dewetting and oxide crystallization by a multiple annealing process. J PHYS CHEM C 120(29):15884–15892. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b1205010.1021/acs.jpcc.5b12050 ↗
47. Feng M, Liu Y, Wei N, Ma S, Li Z, Li H, Chen S, Liu J, Wang D (2018) Alumina anchored CQDs/TiO2 nanorods by atomic layer deposition for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting under solar light. J Mater Chem A 6(37):18293–18303. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta05092a10.1039/c8ta05092a ↗
48. Shuang S, Zhang Z (2018) The effect of annealing treatment and atom layer deposition to Au/Pt nanoparticles-decorated TiO(2) nanorods as photocatalysts. Molecules 23(3):525–536. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2303052510.3390/molecules23030525 ↗
49. Altomare M, Nguyen NT, Hejazi S, Schmuki P (2018) A cocatalytic electron-transfer cascade site-selectively placed on TiO2 nanotubes yields enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution. Adv Funct Mater 28(2):1704259. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20170425910.1002/adfm.201704259 ↗
50. Cai Y, Yuan F, Li F, Kang H, Xue D, Huo S, Yu F, Fang J, Yang Y (2021) Spacing prior to decorating TiO2 nanowires with dewetted Au nanoparticles for boosting photoelectrochemical water oxidation. CrystEngComm 23(37):6551–6558. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ce00886b10.1039/d1ce00886b ↗
51. Zhang X, Liu Y, Kang Z (2014) 3D branched ZnO nanowire arrays decorated with plasmonic au nanoparticles for high-performance photoelectrochemical water splitting. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(6):4480–4490. https://doi.org/10.1021/am500234v10.1021/am500234v ↗
52. Dou YB, Zhou J, Zhou A, Li JR, Nie ZR (2017) Visible-light responsive MOF encapsulation of noble-metal-sensitized semiconductors for high-performance photoelectrochemical water splitting. J Mater Chem A 5(36):19491–19498. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta06443h10.1039/c7ta06443h ↗
53. Yang W, Yu Y, Starr MB, Yin X, Li Z, Kvit A, Wang S, Zhao P, Wang X (2015) Ferroelectric polarization-enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting in TiO2-BaTiO3 core-shell nanowire photoanodes. Nano Lett 15(11):7574–7580. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b0398810.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03988 ↗
54. Li J, Cushing SK, Zheng P, Meng F, Chu D, Wu N (2013) Plasmon-induced photonic and energy-transfer enhancement of solar water splitting by a hematite nanorod array. Nat Commun 4(1):2651–2659. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms365110.1038/ncomms3651 ↗
55. Zhang Z, Zhang L, Hedhili MN, Zhang H, Wang P (2013) Plasmonic gold nanocrystals coupled with photonic crystal seamlessly on TiO2 nanotube photoelectrodes for efficient visible light photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett 13(1):14–20. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl302920210.1021/nl3029202 ↗
56. Warren SC, Thimsen E (2012) Plasmonic solar water splitting. Energy Environ Sci 5(1):5133–5146. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee02875h10.1039/c1ee02875h ↗