journal article·2020-01

Multinary copper-based chalcogenide semiconductor nanocrystals: synthesis and applications in light-emitting diodes and bioimaging

Lijin Wang, Zhongyuan Guan, Aiwei Tang

Journal of Nanoparticle Research· Volume 22· Issue 1
Publisher page

Abstract

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals have been extensively used for illumination, displays, bioimaging, and other fields. However, the most extensively used Cd-based nanocrystals are toxic. Recently, non-toxic multinary copper-based chalcogenide semiconductor nanocrystals have been studied intensively. The mostly studied in these materials are ternary Cu–In–S nanocrystals which have large adjustable luminescence range, good luminescence efficiency, and excellent device applications. Therefore, this material has been the most potential candidates to replace Cd-based materials. To date, different synthetic methods have been developed to prepare ternary Cu–In–S nanocrystals, which include hot-injection, non-injection, thermal decomposition, and solvothermal route. In order to enhance the luminescence property, incorporating of Zn2+ or overgrowth of a ZnS shell is the comment ways that researchers often use. This review will introduce the synthesis methods of multinary copper-based chalcogenide semiconductor nanocrystals and their potential applications in quantum-dot light-emitting diodes and bioimaging fields. Finally, the conclusion and prospect are provided.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties · Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films · Nanocluster Synthesis and Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Aldakov D, Lefrançois A, Reiss P (2013) Ternary and quaternary metal chalcogenide nanocrystals: synthesis, properties and applications. J Mater Chem C 1:3756–3776. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TC30273C10.1039/C3TC30273C ↗
2. Allen PM, Bawendi MG (2008) Ternary I-III-VI quantum dots luminescent in the red to near-infrared. J Am Chem Soc 130:9240–9241. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja803634910.1021/ja8036349 ↗
3. Bai Z, Ji W, Han D, Chen L, Chen B, Shen H, Zou B, Zhong H (2016) Hydroxyl-terminated CuInS2 based quantum dots: towards efficient and bright light emitting diodes. Chem Mater 28:1085–1091. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b0448010.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04480 ↗
4. Bai X, Purcell-Milton F, Gun’ko YK (2019) Optical properties, synthesis, and potential applications of Cu-based ternary or quaternary anisotropic quantum dots, polytypic nanocrystals, and core/shell heterostructures. Nanomaterials 9:85. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano901008510.3390/nano9010085 ↗
5. Bao H, Gong Y, Li Z, Gao M (2004) Enhancement effect of illumination on the photoluminescence of water-soluble CdTe nanocrystals: toward highly fluorescent CdTe/CdS core-shell structure. Chem Mater 16:3853–3859. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm049172b10.1021/cm049172b ↗
6. Bao H, Wang E, Dong S (2006) One-pot synthesis of CdTe nanocrystals and shape control of luminescent CdTe-cystine nanocomposites. Small 2:476–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20050034610.1002/smll.200500346 ↗
7. Bao N, Qiu X, Wang YHA, Zhou Z, Lu X, Grimes CA, Gupta A (2011) Facile thermolysis synthesis of CuInS2 nanocrystals with tunable anisotropic shape and structure. Chem Commun 47:9441–9443. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CC13314D10.1039/C1CC13314D ↗
8. Berends AC, Van Der Stam W, Hofmann JP, Bladt E, Meeldijk JD, Bals S, de Mello DC (2018) Interplay between surface chemistry, precursor reactivity, and temperature determines outcome of ZnS shelling reactions on CuInS2 nanocrystals. Chem Mater 30:2400–2413. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b0047710.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00477 ↗
9. Bruchez M, Moronne M, Gin P, Weiss S, Alivisatos AP (1998) Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science 281:2013–2016. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5385.201310.1126/science.281.5385.2013 ↗
10. Burschka J, Pellet N, Moon SJ, Humphry-Baker R, Gao P, Nazeeruddin MK, Grätzel M (2013) Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells. Nature 499:316. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1234010.1038/nature12340 ↗
11. Byeon SY, Lee DR, Yook KS, Lee JY (2019) Recent progress of singlet-exciton-harvesting fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes by energy transfer processes. Adv Mater 1803714. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20180371410.1002/adma.201803714 ↗
12. Castro SL, Bailey SG, Raffaelle RP, Banger KK, Hepp AF (2004) Synthesis and characterization of colloidal CuInS2 nanoparticles from a molecular single-source precursor. J Phys Chem B 108:12429. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp049107p10.1021/jp049107p ↗
13. Chen B, Zhong H, Zhang W, Tan ZA, Li Y, Yu C, Zou B (2012) Highly emissive and color-tunable CuInS2-based colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals: off-stoichiometry effects and improved electroluminescence performance. Adv Funct Mater 22:2081–2088. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20110249610.1002/adfm.201102496 ↗
14. Chen Y, Huang L, Li S, Pan D (2013a) Aqueous synthesis of glutathione-capped Cu+ and Ag+-doped ZnxCd1−xS quantum dots with full color emission. J Mater Chem C 1:751–756 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2tc00107a10.1039/c2tc00107a ↗
15. Chen Y, Li S, Huang L, Pan D (2013b) Green and facile synthesis of water-soluble Cu-In-S/ZnS core/shell quantum dots. Inorg Chem 52:7819–7821. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic400083w10.1021/ic400083w ↗
16. Chen B, Chang S, Li D, Chen L, Wang Y, Chen T, Zou B, Zhong H, Rogach AL (2015) Template synthesis of CuInS2 nanocrystals from In2S3 nanoplates and their application as counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Mater 27:5949–5956. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b0197110.1021/acs.chemmater.5b01971 ↗
17. Chen B, Pradhan N, Zhong H (2018a) From large-scale synthesis to lighting device applications of ternary I-III-VI semiconductor nanocrystals: inspiring greener material emitters. J Phys Chem Lett 9:435–445. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b0303710.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03037 ↗
18. Chen F, Liu Z, Guan Z, Liu Z, Li X, Deng Z, Teng F, Tang A (2018b) Chloride-passivated mg doped ZnO nanoparticles for improving performance of cadmium-free quantum-dot light-emitting diodes. ACS Photonics 5:3704–3711. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.8b0072210.1021/acsphotonics.8b00722 ↗
19. Cheng CY, Ou KL, Huang WT, Chen JK, Chang JY, Yang CH (2013) Gadolinium-based CuInS2/ZnS nanoprobe for dual-modality magnetic resonance/optical imaging. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:4389–4400. https://doi.org/10.1021/am401428n10.1021/am401428n ↗
20. Coughlan C, Ibanez M, Dobrozhan O, Singh A, Cabot A, Ryan KM (2017) Compound copper chalcogenide nanocrystals. Chem Rev 117:5865–6109. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b0037610.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00376 ↗
21. De Mello DC, Liljeroth P, Vanmaekelbergh D (2005) Physicochemical evaluation of the hot-injection method, a synthesis route for monodisperse nanocrystals. Small 1:1152–1162. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20050023910.1002/smll.200500239 ↗
22. De Trizio L, Prato M, Genovese A, Casu A, Povia M, Simonutti R, Alcocer MJP, A’Andrea C, Tassone F, Manna L (2012) Strongly fluorescent quaternary Cu–In–Zn–S nanocrystals prepared from Cu1-xInS2 nanocrystals by partial cation exchange. Chem Mater 24:2400–2406. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm301211e10.1021/cm301211e ↗
23. Debnath T, Maiti S, Maity P, Ghosh HN (2015) Subpicosecond exciton dynamics and biexcitonic feature in colloidal CuInS2 nanocrystals: role of In–Cu antisite defects. J Phys Chem Lett 6:3458–3465. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b0176710.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01767 ↗
24. Deng D, Qu L, Zhang J, Ma Y, Gu Y (2013) Quaternary Zn-Ag-In-Se quantum dots for biomedical optical imaging of RGD-modified micelles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:10858–10865. https://doi.org/10.1021/am403050s10.1021/am403050s ↗
25. Deschler F, Price M, Pathak S, Klintberg LE, Jarausch DD, Higler R, Hüttner S, Leijtens T, Stranks SD, Snaith HJ, Atatüre M, Phillips RT, Friend RH (2014) High photoluminescence efficiency and optically pumped lasing in solution-processed mixed halide perovskite semiconductors. J Phys Chem Lett 5:1421–1426. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz500528510.1021/jz5005285 ↗
26. Dubois F, Mahler B, Dubertret B, Doris E, Mioskowski C (2007) A versatile strategy for quantum dot ligand exchange. J Am Chem Soc 129:482–483. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja067742y10.1021/ja067742y ↗
27. Foda MF, Huang L, Shao F, Han HY (2014) Biocompatible and highly luminescent near-infrared CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots embedded silica beads for cancer cell imaging. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:2011–2017. https://doi.org/10.1021/am405077210.1021/am4050772 ↗
28. Gao J, Chen K, Xie R, Xie J, Yan Y, Cheng Z, Chen X (2010) In vivo tumor-targeted fluorescence imaging using near-infrared non-cadmium quantum dots. Bioconjug Chem 21:604–609. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc900323v10.1021/bc900323v ↗
29. Gaponik N, Talapin DV, Rogach AL, Hoppe K, Shevchenko EV, Kornowski A, Eychmüller A, Weller H (2002) Thiol-capping of CdTe nanocrystals: an alternative to organometallic synthetic routes. J Phys Chem B 106:7177–7185. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp025541k10.1021/jp025541k ↗
30. Girma WM, Fahmi MZ, Permadi A, Abate MA, Chang JY (2017) Synthetic strategies and biomedical applications of I-III-VI ternary quantum dots. J Mater Chem B 5:6193–6216. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB01156C10.1039/C7TB01156C ↗
31. Guan Z, Tang A, Lv P, Liu Z, Li X, Tan ZA, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Yang C, Teng F (2018) New insights into the formation and color-tunable optical properties of multinary Cu-In-Zn-based chalcogenide semiconductor nanocrystals. Adv Opt Mater 6:1701389. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.20170138910.1002/adom.201701389 ↗
32. Guan Z, Chen F, Liu Z, Lv P, Chen M, Guo M, Li X, Teng F, Chen S, Tang A (2019) Compositional engineering of multinary Cu-In-Zn-based semiconductor nanocrystals for efficient and solution-processed red-emitting quantum-dot light-emitting diodes. Org Electron 74:46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2019.06.02410.1016/j.orgel.2019.06.024 ↗
33. Harvie AJ, Booth M, Chantry RL, Hondow N, Kepaptsoglou DM, Ramasse QM, Evans SD, Critchley K (2016) Observation of compositional domains within individual copper indium sulfide quantum dots. Nanoscale 8:16157–16161. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr03269a10.1039/c6nr03269a ↗
34. Hoye RL, Chua MR, Musselman KP, Li G, Lai ML, Tan ZK, Greenham C, MacManus-Driscoll JL, Friend RH, Credgington D (2015) Enhanced performance in fluorene-free organometal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes using tunable, low electron affinity oxide electron injectors. Adv Mater 27:1414–1419. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20140504410.1002/adma.201405044 ↗
35. Huang WC, Tseng CH, Chang SH, Tuan HY, Chiang CC, Lyu LM, Huang MH (2012) Solvothermal synthesis of zinc blende and wurtzite CuInS2 nanocrystals and their photovoltaic application. Langmuir 28:8496–8501. https://doi.org/10.1021/la300742p10.1021/la300742p ↗
36. Huynh WU, Dittmer JJ, Alivisatos AP (2002) Hybrid nanorod-polymer solar cells. Science 295:2425–2427. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.106915610.1126/science.1069156 ↗
37. Jara DH, Stamplecoskie KG, Kamat PV (2016) Two distinct transitions in CuxInS2 quantum dots. Bandgap versus sub-bandgap excitations in copper-deficient structures. J Phys Chem Lett 7:1452–1459. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b0057110.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00571 ↗
38. Jeon NJ, Noh JH, Yang WS, Kim YC, Ryu S, Seo J, Seok SI (2015) Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells. Nature 517:476. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1413310.1038/nature14133 ↗
39. Jing L, Kershaw SV, Kipp T, Kalytchuk S, Ding K, Zeng J, Gao M (2015) Insight into strain effects on band alignment shifts, carrier localization and recombination kinetics in CdTe/CdS core/shell quantum dots. J Am Chem Soc 137:2073–2084. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja512735210.1021/ja5127352 ↗
40. Kim JH, Yang H (2016) High-efficiency Cu-In-S quantum-dot-light-emitting device exceeding 7%. Chem Mater 28:6329–6335. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b0266910.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02669 ↗
41. Kim JH, Han CY, Lee KH, An KS, Song W, Kim J, Oh MS, Do YR, Yang H (2015a) Performance improvement of quantum dot-light-emitting diodes enabled by an alloyed ZnMgO nanoparticle electron transport layer. Chem Mater 27:197–204. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm503756q10.1021/cm503756q ↗
42. Kim Y, Yassitepe E, Voznyy O, Comin R, Walters G, Gong X, Kanjanaboos P, Nogueira AF, Sargent EH (2015b) Efficient luminescence from perovskite quantum dot solids. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:25007–25013. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b0908410.1021/acsami.5b09084 ↗
43. Knowles KE, Hartstein KH, Kilburn TB, Marchioro A, Nelson HD, Whitham PJ, Gamelin DR (2016) Luminescent colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals containing copper: synthesis, photophysics, and applications. Chem Rev 116:10820–10851. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b0004810.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00048 ↗
44. Kolny-Olesiak J, Weller H (2013) Synthesis and application of colloidal CuInS2 semiconductor nanocrystals. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:12221–12237. https://doi.org/10.1021/am404084d10.1021/am404084d ↗
45. Law WC, Yong KT, Roy I, Ding H, Hu R, Zhao W, Prasad PN (2009) Aqueous-phase synthesis of highly luminescent CdTe/ZnTe core/shell quantum dots optimized for targeted bioimaging. Small 5:1302–1310. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20080155510.1002/smll.200801555 ↗
46. Leach AD, Macdonald JE (2016) Optoelectronic properties of CuInS2 nanocrystals and their origin. J Phys Chem Lett 7:572–583. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b0221110.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02211 ↗
47. Lee J, Han CS (2014) Large-scale synthesis of highly emissive and photostable CuInS2/ZnS nanocrystals through hybrid flow reactor. Nanoscale Res Lett 9:78. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-9-7810.1186/1556-276X-9-78 ↗
48. Lee MM, Teuscher J, Miyasaka T, Murakami TN, Snaith HJ (2012) Efficient hybrid solar cells based on meso-superstructured organometal halide perovskites. Science 338:643–647. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.122860410.1126/science.1228604 ↗
49. Lesnyak V, George C, Genovese A, Prato M, Casu A, Ayyappan S, Scarpellini A, Manna L (2014) Alloyed copper chalcogenide nanoplatelets via partial cation exchange reactions. ACS Nano 8:8407–8418. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn502906z10.1021/nn502906z ↗
50. Li Z, Peng X (2011) Size/shape-controlled synthesis of colloidal CdSe quantum disks: ligand and temperature effects. J Am Chem Soc 133:6578–6586. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja108145c10.1021/ja108145c ↗
51. Li L, Daou TJ, Texier I, Kim Chi TT, Liem NQ, Reiss P (2009) Highly luminescent CuInS2/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals: cadmium-free quantum dots for in vivo imaging. Chem Mater 21:2422–2429. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm900103b10.1021/cm900103b ↗
52. Li L, Pandey A, Werder DJ, Khanal BP, Pietryga JM, Klimov VI (2011a) Efficient synthesis of highly luminescent copper indium sulfide-based core/shell nanocrystals with surprisingly long-lived emission. J Am Chem Soc 133:1176–1179. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja108261h10.1021/ja108261h ↗
53. Li Y, Jing L, Qiao R, Gao M (2011b) Aqueous synthesis of CdTe nanocrystals: progresses and perspectives. Chem Commun 47:9293–9311. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CC11331C10.1039/C1CC11331C ↗
54. Lin K, Xing J, Quan LN, de Arquer FPG, Gong X, Lu J, Xie L, Zhao W, Zhang D, Yan C, Li W, Liu X, Lu Y, Kirman J, Sargent EH, Xiong Q (2018) Perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 20 percent. Nature 562:245. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0575-310.1038/s41586-018-0575-3 ↗
55. Liu L, Zhong X (2012) A general and reversible phase transfer strategy enabling nucleotides modified high-quality water-soluble nanocrystals. Chem Commun 48:5718–5720 https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CC30444A10.1039/C2CC30444A ↗
56. Liu S, Zhang H, Qiao Y, Su X (2012) One-pot synthesis of ternary CuInS2 quantum dots with near-infrared fluorescence in aqueous solution. RSC Adv 2:819–825. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1RA00802A10.1039/C1RA00802A ↗
57. Liu Z, Tang A, Wang M, Yang C, Teng F (2015) Heating-up synthesis of cadmium-free and color-tunable quaternary and five-component Cu-In-Zn-S-based semiconductor nanocrystals. J Mater Chem C 3:10114–10120. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TC02469B10.1039/C5TC02469B ↗
58. Liu Z, Zhao K, Tang A, Xie Y, Qian L, Cao W, Yang Y, Chen Y, Teng F (2016) Solution-processed high-efficiency cadmium-free Cu-Zn-In-S-based quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with low turn-on voltage. Org Electron 36:97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2016.05.04010.1016/j.orgel.2016.05.040 ↗
59. Liu Z, Tang A, Xie Y, Guan Z, Chen Y, Teng F (2017) Solution-processed planar white light-emitting diodes based on cadmium-free Cu-In-Zn-S/ZnS quantum dots and polymer. Org Electron 45:20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2017.02.03810.1016/j.orgel.2017.02.038 ↗
60. Lu Q, Hu J, Tang K, Qian Y, Zhou G, Liu X (2000) Synthesis of nanocrystalline CuMS2 (M= In or Ga) through a solvothermal process. Inorg Chem 39:1606–1607. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic991136510.1021/ic9911365 ↗
61. Ma J, Liu M, Li Z, Li L (2015) Synthesis of highly photo-stable CuInS2/ZnS core/shell quantum dots. Opt Mater 47:56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2015.06.05410.1016/j.optmat.2015.06.054 ↗
62. Mandal G, Darragh M, Wang YA, Heyes CD (2013) Cadmium-free quantum dots as time-gated bioimaging probes in highly-autofluorescent human breast cancer cells. Chem Commun 49:624-626. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CC37529J10.1039/C2CC37529J ↗
63. Massé G (1990) Concerning lattice defects and defect levels in CuInSe2 and the I-III-VI2 compounds. J Appl Phys 68:2206–2210. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.34652310.1063/1.346523 ↗
64. Medintz IL, Uyeda HT, Goldman ER, Mattoussi H (2005) Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat Mater 4:435. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat139010.1038/nmat1390 ↗
65. Mu L, Wang F, Sadtler B, Loomis RA, Buhro WE (2015) Influence of the nanoscale Kirkendall effect on the morphology of copper indium disulfide nanoplatelets synthesized by ion exchange. ACS Nano 9:7419–7428. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b0242710.1021/acsnano.5b02427 ↗
66. Murray C, Norris DJ, Bawendi MG (1993) Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E= sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites. J Am Chem Soc 115:8706–8715. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00072a02510.1021/ja00072a025 ↗
67. Nakamura H, Kato W, Uehara M, Nose K, Omata T, Otsuka-Yao-Matsuo S, Maeda H (2006) Tunable photoluminescence wavelength of chalcopyrite CuInS2-based semiconductor nanocrystals synthesized in a colloidal system. Chem Mater 18:3330–3335. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm051802210.1021/cm0518022 ↗
68. Nam DE, Song WS, Yang H (2011a) Facile, air-insensitive solvothermal synthesis of emission-tunable CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots with high quantum yields. J Mater Chem 21:18220–18226. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm12437d10.1039/c1jm12437d ↗
69. Nam DE, Song WS, Yang H (2011b) Non-injection, one-pot synthesis of Cu-deficient CuInS2/ZnS core/shell quantum dots and their fluorescent properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 361:491–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.05810.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.058 ↗
70. Norako ME, Franzman MA, Brutchey RL (2009) Growth kinetics of monodisperse Cu-In-S nanocrystals using a dialkyl disulfide sulfur source. Chem Mater 21:4299–4304. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm901567310.1021/cm9015673 ↗
71. Pan D, An L, Sun Z, Hou W, Yang Y, Yang Z, Lu Y (2008) Synthesis of Cu-In-S ternary nanocrystals with tunable structure and composition. J Am Chem Soc 130:5620–5621. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja711027j10.1021/ja711027j ↗
72. Park J, Kim SW (2011) CuInS2/ZnS core/shell quantum dots by cation exchange and their blue-shifted photoluminescence. J Mater Chem 21:3745–3750. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM03194A10.1039/C0JM03194A ↗
73. Peng X, Wickham J, Alivisatos AP (1998) Kinetics of II-VI and III-V colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal growth: “focusing” of size distributions. J Am Chem Soc 120:5343–5344. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja980542510.1021/ja9805425 ↗
74. Peng X, Manna L, Yang W, Wickham J, Scher E, Kadavanich A, Alivisatos AP (2000) Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals. Nature 404:59. https://doi.org/10.1038/3500353510.1038/35003535 ↗
75. Pons T, Pic E, Lequeux N, Cassette E, Bezdetnaya L, Guillemin F, Dubertret B (2010) Cadmium-free CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots for sentinel lymph node imaging with reduced toxicity. ACS Nano 4:2531–2538. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn901421v10.1021/nn901421v ↗
76. Qian L, Zheng Y, Xue J, Holloway PH (2011) Stable and efficient quantum-dot light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed multilayer structures. Nat Photonics 5:543. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2011.17110.1038/nphoton.2011.171 ↗
77. Rajh T, Micic OI, Nozik AJ (1993) Synthesis and characterization of surface-modified colloidal cadmium telluride quantum dots. J Phys Chem 97:11999–12003. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100148a02610.1021/j100148a026 ↗
78. Regulacio MD, Han MY (2016) Multinary I-III-VI2 and I2-II-IV-VI4 semiconductor nanostructures for photocatalytic applications. Acc Chem Res 49:511–519. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.5b0053510.1021/acs.accounts.5b00535 ↗
79. Rempel JY, Bawendi MG, Jensen KF (2009) Insights into the kinetics of semiconductor nanocrystal nucleation and growth. J Am Chem Soc 131:4479–4489. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja809156t10.1021/ja809156t ↗
80. Rogach AL, Kornowski A, Gao M, Eychmüller A, Weller H (1999) Synthesis and characterization of a size series of extremely small thiol-stabilized CdSe nanocrystals. J Phys Chem B 103:3065–3069. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp984833b10.1021/jp984833b ↗
81. Sandroni M, Wegner KD, Aldakov D, Reiss P (2017) Prospects of chalcopyrite-type nanocrystals for energy applications. ACS Energy Lett 2:1076–1088. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b0000310.1021/acsenergylett.7b00003 ↗
82. Schön JH, Bucher E (1999) Characterization of intrinsic defect levels in CuInS2. Phys Status Solidi (a) 171:511–519. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-396X10.1002/(SICI)1521-396X ↗
83. Speranskaya ES, Beloglazova NV, Abé S, Aubert T, Smet PF, Poelman D, Hens Z (2014) Hydrophilic, bright CuInS2 quantum dots as Cd-free fluorescent labels in quantitative immunoassay. Langmuir 30:7567–7575. https://doi.org/10.1021/la501268b10.1021/la501268b ↗
84. Sutherland BR, Hoogland S, Adachi MM, Wong CT, Sargent EH (2014) Conformal organohalide perovskites enable lasing on spherical resonators. ACS Nano 8:10947–10952. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn504856g10.1021/nn504856g ↗
85. Talapin DV, Lee JS, Kovalenko MV, Shevchenko EV (2010) Prospects of colloidal nanocrystals for electronic and optoelectronic applications. Chem Rev 110:389–458. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900137k10.1021/cr900137k ↗
86. Tamang S, Lincheneau C, Hermans Y, Jeong S, Reiss P (2016) Chemistry of InP nanocrystal syntheses. Chem Mater 28:2491–2506. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b0504410.1021/acs.chemmater.5b05044 ↗
87. Tan Z, Zhang Y, Xie C, Su H, Liu J, Zhang C (2011) Near-band-edge electroluminescence from heavy-metal-free colloidal quantum dots. Adv Mater 23:3553–3558. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20110071910.1002/adma.201100719 ↗
88. Tan ZK, Moghaddam RS, Lai ML, Docampo P, Higler R, Deschler F, Price M, Sadhanala A, Pazos LM, Credgington D, Hanusch F, Bein T, Snaith HJ, Friend RH (2014) Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nat Nanotechnol 9:687–691. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.14910.1038/nnano.2014.149 ↗
89. Tang A, Qu S, Teng F, Hou Y, Wang Y, Wang Z (2011) Recent developments of hybrid nanocrystal/polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 11:9384–9394. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2011.531110.1166/jnn.2011.5311 ↗
90. Trizion LD, Manna L (2016) Forging colloidal nanostructures via cation exchange reactions. Chem Rev 116:10852–10887. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b0073910.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00739 ↗
91. Van Der Stam W, Berends AC, Rabouw FT, Willhammar T, Ke X, Meeldijk JD, Bales S, de Mello DC (2015a) Luminescent CuInS2 quantum dots by partial cation exchange in Cu2–xS nanocrystals. Chem Mater 27:621–628. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm504340h10.1021/cm504340h ↗
92. Van Der Stam W, Bladt E, Rabouw FT, Bals S, de Mello DC (2015b) Near-infrared emitting CuInSe2/CuInS2 dot core/rod shell heteronanorods by sequential cation exchange. ACS Nano 9:11430–11438. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b0549610.1021/acsnano.5b05496 ↗
93. Wang J, Wang N, Jin Y, Si J, Tan ZK, Du H, Cheng L, Dai X, Bai S, He H, Ye Z, Lai ML, Friend RH, Huang W (2015) Interfacial control toward efficient and low-voltage perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater 27:2311–2316. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20140521710.1002/adma.201405217 ↗
94. Wang Z, Zhang X, Xin W, Yao D, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhang H (2018) Facile synthesis of Cu-In-S/ZnS core/shell quantum dots in 1-dodecanethiol for efficient light-emitting diodes with an external quantum efficiency of 7.8%. Chem Mater 30:8939–8947. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b0428210.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04282 ↗
95. Wu R, Wang T, Wu M, Lv Y, Liu X, Li J, Li LS (2018) Synthesis of highly stable CuInZnS/ZnS//ZnS quantum dots with thick shell and its application to quantitative immunoassay. Chem Eng J 348:447–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.14510.1016/j.cej.2018.04.145 ↗
96. Xiang W, Ma X, Luo L, Cai W, Xie C, Liang X (2015) Facile synthesis and characterization of core/shell Cu-In-Zn-S/ZnS nanocrystals with high luminescence. Mater Chem Phys 149:437–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.10.04210.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.10.042 ↗
97. Xie R, Peng X (2009) Synthesis of Cu-doped InP nanocrystals (d-dots) with ZnSe diffusion barrier as efficient and color-tunable NIR emitters. J Am Chem Soc 131:10645–10651. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja903558r10.1021/ja903558r ↗
98. Xie Y, Qian Y, Wang W, Zhang S, Zhang Y (1996) A benzene-thermal synthetic route to nanocrystalline GaN. Science 272:1926–1927. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5270.192610.1126/science.272.5270.1926 ↗
99. Xie R, Kolb U, Li J, Basché T, Mews A (2005) Synthesis and characterization of highly luminescent CdSe-core CdS/Zn0.5Cd0.5S/ZnS multishell nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 127:7480–7488. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja042939g10.1021/ja042939g ↗
100. Xie R, Battaglia D, Peng X (2007) Colloidal InP nanocrystals as efficient emitters covering blue to near-infrared. J Am Chem Soc 129:15432–15433. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja076363h10.1021/ja076363h ↗