Spectroscopic ellipsometry and photovoltaic characteristics for n-CdS/p-Cu2ZnSnS4 heterojunction by annealing for solar cells
Source abstract
Abstract
Owing to its direct bandgap in the range to be used as an absorbent material and due to its high absorption rate, kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a p-type prospective absorber material (with thickness 500 nm) for solar cell applications. Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films were prepared using the thermal evaporation technique. The (CZTS) thin films were annealed at different annealing temperatures chosen according to TGA analysis in the range of (400o C, 450o C, 475o C, and 500o C). The influence of annealing temperatures on the structural, morphology and optical properties of the CZTS films was investigated. The XRD patterns and Raman spectra have revealed the formation of CZTS thin with a high-quality crystal structure. The optical constants refractive index n, and extinction coefficient, k consequently band gap are estimated from SE via construction an optical model. The refractive index n of the CZTS /glass films received from SE model increases with the annealing temperature that is credited to the rise of the size of the crystal. It was also found that when the annealing temperature of the CZTS layer increases, the general behavior of the extinction coefficient k of the CZTS /glass film increases. In addition, it is found that the direct optical transition with energy band gap is compact from 1.75 eV at RT to 1.49 eV at maximum crystallization 500 o C. The Ni/n-CdSe/p-CdTe/Pt heterojunction has been successfully assembled. The dark and illumination (currentvoltage) behavior of fabricated heterojunctions had been suggested at distinctive different annealing of CZTS layer, as well as for voltages ranging from -2 to 2 volts.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films · Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties · Semiconductor materials and interfaces
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (53)
Show source-provided references
1. [1] Husain, A. A., Hasan, W. Z. W., Shafie, S., Hamidon, M. N., & Pandey, S. S. (2018). A review of transparent solar photovoltaic technologies. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 94, 779-791.; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.06.03110.1016/j.rser.2018.06.031 ↗
2. [2] Liu, J., Zhang, M., & Feng, X. (2018). Simulation of graded bandgap on the performance of back-wall superstrate CIGS solar cells. Optik, 172, 1172-1178; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.07.08410.1016/j.ijleo.2018.07.084 ↗
3. [3] Ren, S., Wang, H., Li, Y., Li, H., He, R., Wu, L. & Feng, L. (2018). Rapid thermal annealing on ZnMgO window layer for improved performance of CdTe solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 187, 97-103; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2018.06.03310.1016/j.solmat.2018.06.033 ↗
4. [4] Chen, S., Gong, X. G., Walsh, A., & Wei, S. H. (2009). Crystal and electronic band structure of Cu 2 ZnSn X 4 (X= S and Se) photovoltaic absorbers: First-principles insights. Applied Physics Letters, 94(4), 041903; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.307449910.1063/1.3074499 ↗
5. [5] Agawane, G. L., Kamble, A. S., Vanalakar, S. A., Shin, S. W., Gang, M. G., Yun, J. H., & Kim, J. H. (2015). Fabrication of 3.01% power conversion efficient high-quality CZTS thin film solar cells by a green and simple sol-gel technique. Materials Letters, 158, 58-61; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.05.03610.1016/j.matlet.2015.05.036 ↗
6. [6] Fernandes, P. A., Salomé, P. M. P., & Da Cunha, A. F. (2010). CuxSnSx+ 1 (x= 2, 3) thin films grown by sulfurization of metallic precursors deposited by dc magnetron sputtering. physica status solidi c, 7(3‐4), 901-904; https://doi.org/10.1002/pssc.20098274610.1002/pssc.200982746 ↗
7. [7] Salomé, P. M. P., Malaquias, J., Fernandes, P. A., Ferreira, M. S., Da Cunha, A. F., Leitão, J. P., & Matinaga, F. M. (2012). Growth and characterization of Cu2ZnSn (S, Se) 4 thin films for solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 101, 147-153; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2012.02.03110.1016/j.solmat.2012.02.031 ↗
8. [8] Swami, S. K., Kumar, A., & Dutta, V. (2013). Deposition of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films by spin coating technique for solar cell application. Energy Procedia, 33, 198-202; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.05.05810.1016/j.egypro.2013.05.058 ↗
9. [9] Seol, J. S., Lee, S. Y., Lee, J. C., Nam, H. D., & Kim, K. H. (2003). Electrical and optical properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films prepared by rf magnetron sputtering process. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 75(1-2), 155-162; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00127-710.1016/S0927-0248(02)00127-7 ↗
10. [10] Jimbo, K., Kimura, R., Kamimura, T., Yamada, S., Maw, W. S., Araki, H., ... & Katagiri, H. (2007). Cu2ZnSnS4-type thin film solar cells using abundant materials. Thin solid films, 515(15), 5997-5999; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.10310.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.103 ↗
11. [11] Liu, F., Li, Y., Zhang, K., Wang, B., Yan, C., Lai, Y., & Liu, Y. (2010). In situ growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films by reactive magnetron co-sputtering. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 94(12), 2431-2434; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2010.08.00310.1016/j.solmat.2010.08.003 ↗
12. [12] Weber, A., Krauth, H., Perlt, S., Schubert, B., Kötschau, I., Schorr, S., & Schock, H. W. (2009). Multi-stage evaporation of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films. Thin Solid Films, 517(7), 2524-2526; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2008.11.03310.1016/j.tsf.2008.11.033 ↗
13. [13] Gunawan, O., Todorov, T. K., & Mitzi, D. B. (2010). Loss mechanisms in hydrazineprocessed Cu 2 ZnSn (Se, S) 4 solar cells. Applied Physics Letters, 97(23), 233506; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.352288410.1063/1.3522884 ↗
14. [14] Moriya, K., Tanaka, K., & Uchiki, H. (2008). Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films annealed in H2S atmosphere for solar cell absorber prepared by pulsed laser deposition. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 47(1S), 602; https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.47.60210.1143/JJAP.47.602 ↗
15. [15] Pawar, S. M., Moholkar, A. V., Kim, I. K., & Shin, S. W. (2010). JH moon, JI Rhee and JH Kim: Curr. Appl. Phys, 10, 565-569; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2009.07.02310.1016/j.cap.2009.07.023 ↗
16. [16] Katagiri, H., Saitoh, K., Washio, T., Shinohara, H., Kurumadani, T., & Miyajima, S. (2001). Development of thin film solar cell based on Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 65(1-4), 141-148; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00088-X10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00088-X ↗
17. [17] Daranfed, W., Aida, M. S., Attaf, N., Bougdira, J., & Rinnert, H. (2012). Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films deposition by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Journal of alloys and compounds, 542, 22-27; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.07.06310.1016/j.jallcom.2012.07.063 ↗
18. [18] Valdes, M., Santoro, G., & Vázquez, M. (2014). Spray deposition of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 585, 776-782; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.10.00910.1016/j.jallcom.2013.10.009 ↗
19. [19] Shinde, N. M., Deokate, R. J., & Lokhande, C. D. (2013). Properties of spray deposited Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 100, 12-16; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.10.01810.1016/j.jaap.2012.10.018 ↗
20. [20] K. Sun, C. Yan, F. Liu, et al. Over 9% Efficient Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 Solar Cell Fabricated by Using Zn1-xCdxS Buffer Layer[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2016, 6, 1600046; https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20160004610.1002/aenm.201600046 ↗
21. [21] Y. S. Lee, T. Gershon, O. Gunawan, et al. Cu2ZnSnSe4 Thin-Film Solar Cells by Thermal Co-evaporation with 11.6% Efficiency and Improved Minority Carrier Diffusion Length[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2015, 5, (7); https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20140137210.1002/aenm.201401372 ↗
22. [22] W. Wang, M. T. Winkler, O. Gunawan, et al. Device Characteristics of CZTSSe Thin-Film Solar Cells with 12.6% Efficiency[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2014, 4, 1301465; https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20130146510.1002/aenm.201301465 ↗
23. [23] M. A. Green, K. Emery, Y. Hishikawa, et al. Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 46)[J]. Progress in photovoltaics: research and applications, 2015, 23: 805-812; https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.263710.1002/pip.2637 ↗
24. [24] Weber, A., Mainz, R., & Schock, H. W. (2010). On the Sn loss from thin films of the material system Cu-Zn-Sn-S in high vacuum. Journal of Applied Physics, 107(1), 013516; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.327349510.1063/1.3273495 ↗
25. [25] A. Almohammedi, A. Ashour, E. R. Shaaban, Structural, morphological and optical properties of annealed Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films using the first derivative of TGA curve for solar cell applications, Journal of Ovonic Research, 16(1), (2020) 21-2710.15251/JOR.2020.161.21 ↗
26. [26] Barkhouse, D. A. R., Gunawan, O., Gokmen, T., Todorov, T. K., & Mitzi, D. B. (2012). Device characteristics of a 10.1% hydrazine‐processed Cu2ZnSn (Se, S) 4 solar cell. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 20(1), 6-11; https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.116010.1002/pip.1160 ↗
27. [27] Todorov, T. K., Tang, J., Bag, S., Gunawan, O., Gokmen, T., Zhu, Y., & Mitzi, D. B. (2013). Beyond 11% efficiency: characteristics of state‐of‐the‐art Cu2ZnSn (S, Se) 4 solar cells. Advanced Energy Materials, 3(1), 34-38; https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20120034810.1002/aenm.201200348 ↗
28. [28] Sun, L., He, J., Chen, Y., Yue, F., Yang, P., & Chu, J. (2012). Comparative study on Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films deposited by sputtering and pulsed laser deposition from a single quaternary sulfide target. Journal of Crystal Growth, 361, 147-151; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2012.09.02310.1016/j.jcrysgro.2012.09.023 ↗
29. [29] H.G. Tompkins, J.N. Hilfiker, Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Practical Application to Thin Film Characterization, Momentum press LLC, New York, 2016.
30. [30] H. Fujiwara, Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, West Sussex, England, 2007.10.1002/9780470060193 ↗
31. [31] G. E. Jellison,Spectroscopic ellipsometry data analysis, measured versus calculated quantities,Thin Solid Films. 313-314 (1998) P.P 33-39; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00765-710.1016/S0040-6090(97)00765-7 ↗
32. [32] Guide to use CompleteEase software manual version (6.51): Data acquisition and analysis software for J. A. Woollam spectroscopic ellipsometers, 2017.
33. [33] M. Zhao, R. Tong, X. Chen, T. Ma, J. Dai, J. Lian, J. Ye, Ellipsometric determination of anisotropic optical constants of single phase Ga2O3 thin films in its orthorhombic and monoclinic phases, Opt. Mater.102 (2020) P.109807-109814; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.10980710.1016/j.optmat.2020.109807 ↗
34. [34] D. Amans, S. Callard, A. Ganarie, and J. Joseph,Ellipsometric study of silicon nanocrystal optical constants, J. Appl. Phys. 93, (2003) P.P 4173-4179; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.153834410.1063/1.1538344 ↗
35. [35] B. Gallas, C.-C. Kao, C. Defranoux, S. Fisson, G. Vuye, and J. Rivory, Dielectric function of Si nanocrystals embedded in SiO2, Thin Solid Films 455-456, 335 (2004). P.P 335-338; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2003.11.19810.1016/j.tsf.2003.11.198 ↗
36. [36] L. Ding, T. P. Chen, Y. Liu, C. Y. Ng, and S. Fung,Optical properties of silicon nanocrystals embedded in a SiO2 matrix, Physical Review B 72 (2005) P.P 125409-125414; https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.72.12541910.1103/PhysRevB.72.125419 ↗
37. [37] Behzadi, F., Saievar-Iranizad, E., & Pakizeh, E. (2018). Optical study on single-layer photoluminescent graphene oxide nanosheets through a simple and green hydrothermal method. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 364, 595-601; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.06.04710.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.06.047 ↗
38. [38] Pakizeh, E., & Moradi, M. (2018). Effect of particle size on the optical properties of lead zirconate titanate nanopowders. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 101(12), 5335-5345; https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.1579210.1111/jace.15792 ↗
39. [39] E. R. Shaaban, M. S. Abd El-Sadek, M. El-Hagary, I. S. Yahia, Spectroscopic ellipsometry investigations of the optical constants ofnanocrystalline SnS thin films, Physica Scripta 86 (1) (2012) 015702; https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/86/01/01570210.1088/0031-8949/86/01/015702 ↗
40. [40] ER Shaaban, YAM Ismail, HS Hassan, Compositional dependence of the optical properties of amorphous SeTe Bi thin films using transmittance and reflectance Journal of non-crystalline solids 376, 61 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2013.05.02410.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2013.05.024 ↗
41. [41] Prakash, D., Aboraia, A.M., El-Hagary, M., Shaaban, E.R., Verma, K.D., Determination of the optical constants and film thickness of ZnTe and ZnS thin films in terms of spectrophotometric and spectroscopic ellipsometry, Ceramics International 42(2) (2016) 2676; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.10.09610.1016/j.ceramint.2015.10.096 ↗
42. [42] ElS Yousef, A. El-Adawy, N. El Koshkhany, E. R.Shaaban, Optical and acoustic properties of TeO2 /WO3 glasses with small amount of additive ZrO2, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids., 67(2006)1649-1655; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2006.02.01410.1016/j.jpcs.2006.02.014 ↗
43. [43] El-Kabnay, N., Shaaban, E.R., Afify, N., Abou-sehly, A.M. Optical and physical properties of different composition of Inx Se1-x thin films, Physica B: Condensed Matter, 403 (1) (2008) 31-36; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2007.08.01610.1016/j.physb.2007.08.016 ↗
44. [44] Qasem, A., Hassan, A. A., Rajhi, F. Y., Abbas, H. A. S., & Shaaban, E. R. (2022). Effective role of cadmium doping in controlling the linear and non-linear optical properties of noncrystalline Cd-Se-S thin films. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 33(4), 1953- 1965; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07400-510.1007/s10854-021-07400-5 ↗
45. [45] Khare, A., Wills, A. W., Ammerman, L. M., Norris, D. J., & Aydil, E. S. (2011). Size control and quantum confinement in Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 nanocrystals. Chemical communications, 47(42), 11721-11723; https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc14687d10.1039/c1cc14687d ↗
46. [46] Qasem, A., Alshahrani, B., Yakout, H. A., Abbas, H. A. S., & Shaaban, E. R. (2021). Tuning structural, optical, electrical and photovoltaic characteristics of n-type CdS1− xSbx layers for optimizing the performance of n-(CdS: Sb)/p-Si solar cells. Applied Physics A, 127(11), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-04999-410.1007/s00339-021-04999-4 ↗
47. [47] Alshahrani, B., Nabil, S., Elsaeedy, H. I., Yakout, H. A., & Qasem, A. (2021). The Pivotal Role of Thermal Annealing of Cadmium Telluride Thin Film in Optimizing the Performance of CdTe/Si Solar Cells. Journal of Electronic Materials, 50(8), 4586-4598; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-021-08989-310.1007/s11664-021-08989-3 ↗
48. [48] Elsaeedy, H. I., Qasem, A., Yakout, H. A., & Mahmoud, M. (2021). The pivotal role of TiO2 layer thickness in optimizing the performance of TiO2/P-Si solar cell. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 867, 159150; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.15915010.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159150 ↗
49. [49] Jhaveri, Janam, Interface Recombination in TiO2/Silicon Heterojunctions for Silicon Photovoltaic Applications, Diss. Princeton University, 2018.
50. [50] Li, C., Song, Z., Zhao, D., Xiao, C., Subedi, B., Shrestha, N., ... & Yan, Y. "Reducing saturation‐current density to realize high‐efficiency low‐bandgap mixed tin-lead halide perovskite solar cells." Advanced Energy Materials 9.3 (2019): 1803135; https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20180313510.1002/aenm.201803135 ↗
51. [51] Gacio, D., Alonso, J. M., Garcia, J., Perdigao, M. S., Saraiva, E. S., & Bisogno, F. E, Effects of the junction temperature on the dynamic resistance of white LEDs, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 49 (2) (2013) 750-760; https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2013.224309210.1109/TIA.2013.2243092 ↗
52. [52] Qasem, A., Alrafai, H. A., Alshahrani, B., Said, N. M., Hassan, A. A., Yakout, H. A., & Shaaban, E. R. (2022). Adapting the structural, optical and thermoelectrical properties of thermally annealed silver selenide (AgSe) thin films for improving the photovoltaic characteristics of the fabricated n-AgSe/p-CdTe solar cells. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 899, 163374; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.16337410.1016/j.jallcom.2021.163374 ↗
53. [53] Qasem, A., Mahmoud, M., Elsaeedy, H. I., Mostafa, M. S., & Shaaban, E. R. (2021). Effective role of temperature in improving the structural, optical and photovoltaic characteristics for n-Zn0. 5Cd0. 5Te/p-CdTe solar cells. Optical Materials, 111746; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.11174610.1016/j.optmat.2021.111746 ↗