Electrochemical Monitoring of Synthetic Dyes in Water Using Modified Electrodes With Perovskite Oxides Integrated Halloysite Nanotubes Composites

ABSTRACT In this study, a simple ultra‐irradiation technique was employed to synthesize perovskite metal titanates (MTiO ₃ , where M = Sr, Zn, and Fe) for the electrochemical detection of synthetic dyes Indigo Carmine (IC), Sunset Yellow (SY), and Tartrazine (TRZ). The synthesized nanomaterials were integrated with Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) and used to modify screen‐printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). XRD and HR‐SEM analyses confirmed distinct morphologies: pebble‐like SrTiO ₃ , hexagonal ZnTiO ₃ , and flake‐like FeTiO ₃ . Sensor performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Among the composites, FeTiO ₃ /HNTs/SPCE exhibited superior sensitivity and selectivity toward all three dyes. The sensor demonstrated a wide linear detection range (0.03–1350 µM) with low detection limits of 0.0011 µM (IC), 0.0205 µM (SY), and 0.0033 µM (TRZ). Real sample analysis in Industrial wastewater and pond water confirmed the sensor's practical applicability, highlighting its potential for environmental safety monitoring.