journal article·2026-04-10

Suppressing Skin Effect toward Efficient Sn–Pb Perovskite Solar Cells

Qi Xu, Ciyu Ge, Bokai Hao, Aoyue Chen, Peiyan Zhang, Xin Li, Ying Zhou, Qiansong Deng, Ping Fu, Long Hu, Hongyan Lu, Sheng He, Shuping Pang, Haisheng Song, Chao Chen, Jiang Tang

ACS Energy Letters· Volume 11· Issue 4
Publisher page

Abstract

Vacuum-assisted growth is promising for scalable halide perovskite solar cells, yet its application to Sn–Pb narrow-band gap systems is hindered by the skin effect, where rapid surface solvent extraction induces buried voids and defective films. Here, we quantitatively elucidate the skin-effect formation through a microscopic solvent-dynamics model, revealing that it emerges when the surface extraction rate exceeds internal diffusion by over 3-fold. A low-temperature vacuum-assisted growth strategy is developed to rebalance surface extraction and internal diffusion, reducing the surface extraction rate by 5.8 times and suppressing the skin effect. This approach lowers film defect density at surface by 2 orders of magnitude. Consequently, Sn–Pb perovskite solar cells achieve efficiencies of 23.44% (0.0768 cm 2 ) and 22.18% (1 cm 2 ), representing the highest reported performance for anti-solvent-free Sn–Pb systems.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Perovskite Materials and Applications · TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells · Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Optics Valley Laboratory

Hubei Optical Fundamental Research Center

State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy

Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

School of Materials Science and Engineering

University of New South Wales

DR Laser Technology (Wuxi) Co., Ltd.

Astronergy R&D Center, Jianshan New District, Haining 314400, China

Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Funding

National Key Research and Development Program of China · Huazhong University of Science and Technology · National Natural Science Foundation of China · University of New South Wales · Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Equipment Digitization · Natural Science Foundation of Wuhan · Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy · International Science and Technology Cooperation Projects of Hubei Province · Hubei Optical Fundamental Research Center · Wuhan Science and Technology Innovation Bureau · Innovation Project of Optics Valley Laboratory

References (31)

Show source-provided references
1. 10.1038/s41560-019-0466-310.1038/s41560-019-0466-3 ↗
2. 10.1038/s41586-021-04372-810.1038/s41586-021-04372-8 ↗
3. 10.1126/science.abn769610.1126/science.abn7696 ↗
4. 10.1038/s41586-023-05992-y10.1038/s41586-023-05992-y ↗
5. 10.1038/s41586-022-05541-z10.1038/s41586-022-05541-z ↗
6. 10.1126/science.adj608810.1126/science.adj6088 ↗
7. 10.1038/s41566-025-01616-110.1038/s41566-025-01616-1 ↗
8. 10.1126/science.aaf806010.1126/science.aaf8060 ↗
9. 10.1002/solr.20230048610.1002/solr.202300486 ↗
10. 10.1016/j.cej.2024.15325310.1016/j.cej.2024.153253 ↗
11. 10.1002/adma.20250272910.1002/adma.202502729 ↗
12. 10.1016/j.joule.2023.05.01710.1016/j.joule.2023.05.017 ↗
13. 10.1038/s41566-025-01703-310.1038/s41566-025-01703-3 ↗
14. 10.1038/s41467-024-50962-110.1038/s41467-024-50962-1 ↗
15. 10.1038/s41467-019-12513-x10.1038/s41467-019-12513-x ↗
16. 10.1007/s12200-025-00153-710.1007/s12200-025-00153-7 ↗
17. 10.1002/aenm.20190258310.1002/aenm.201902583 ↗
18. 10.1038/s41560-022-01059-w10.1038/s41560-022-01059-w ↗
19. 10.1002/adma.20241876610.1002/adma.202418766 ↗
20. 10.1039/D4EE03419H10.1039/D4EE03419H ↗
21. 10.1002/solr.20220061910.1002/solr.202200619 ↗
22. 10.1021/jacs.5c0543010.1021/jacs.5c05430 ↗
23. 10.1002/adfm.20240007510.1002/adfm.202400075 ↗
24. 10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.11092710.1016/j.nanoen.2025.110927 ↗
25. 10.1038/s41467-024-51361-210.1038/s41467-024-51361-2 ↗
26. 10.1038/s41586-023-06278-z10.1038/s41586-023-06278-z ↗
27. 10.1002/adma.20230367410.1002/adma.202303674 ↗
28. Kolasinski K. W. · 2012 · 18510.1002/9781119941798.ch4 ↗
29. 10.1080/1478644550864192510.1080/14786445508641925 ↗
30. 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c0374810.1021/acs.iecr.3c03748 ↗
31. 10.1002/advs.20230890110.1002/advs.202308901 ↗