Enhanced Light Absorption in Fluorinated Ternary Small-Molecule Photovoltaics

Using small-molecule donor (SMD) semiconductors in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has historically afforded lower power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) than their polymeric counterparts. The PCE difference is attributed to shorter conjugated backbones, resulting in reduced intermolecular interactions. Here, a new pair of SMDs is synthesized based on the diketopyrrolopyrrole–benzodithiophene–diketopyrrolopyrrole (BDT-DPP 2 ) skeleton but having fluorinated and fluorine-free aromatic side-chain substituents. Ternary OPVs having varied ratios of the two SMDs with PC 61 BM as the acceptor exhibit tunable open-circuit voltages ( V oc s) between 0.833 and 0.944 V due to a fluorination-induced shift in energy levels and the electronic “alloy” formed from the miscibility of the two SMDs. A 15% increase in PCE is observed at the optimal ternary SMD ratio, with the short-circuit current density ( J sc ) significantly increased to 9.18 mA/cm 2 . The origin of J sc enhancement is analyzed via charge generation, transport, and diffuse reflectance measurements, and is attributed to increased optical absorption arising from a maximum in film crystallinity at this SMD ratio, observed by grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering.