Unlocking Brightness in CsPbCl₃ Perovskite Nanocrystals: Screening Ligands and Metal Halides for Effective Deep Trap Passivation

Despite the significant advances made in achieving green (CsPbBr 3 )- and red (CsPbI 3 )-emitting halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) with high quantum yields and colloidal stability through surface engineering, obtaining bright violet/blue-emitting CsPbCl 3 NCs with long-term stability is still a grand challenge due to their defect sensitivity. In this work, we have screened the surface passivation of CsPbCl 3 NCs using ligands with different functional groups (amine, sulfonic, and phosphonic acid) and metal halides (mono- and bivalent) with the aim of improving the emission yield and stability of CsPbCl 3 NCs. This enabled us to find that phosphonic acids are the ligands that showed the highest efficiency as they occupy Cl vacancies and covalently bind to the Pb on the surface of NCs, together with the incorporation of bivalent metal chlorides that showed substantial enhancements in PLQY. Consequently, the most effective passivators were those that passivate Cl vacancies, indicating these to be among the most detrimental traps. This is further validated through Density Functional Theory (DFT), suggesting that the trend in adsorption energies is as follows: hexylphosphonic < hexylsulfonic < oleylamine < tetrabutyl ammonium, which is also coherent with the charge transfer mechanism and corresponding electronic structure of the halide perovskite surface with the ligands. Furthermore, after evaluating different passivation strategies, we identified in situ passivation as the most effective method for obtaining highly luminescent CsPbCl 3 NCs that exhibit stability for over 6 months. Thus, this work is expected to guide the perovskite NC researchers to choose effective passivating agents and passivation strategies toward bright blue luminescent colloidal halide perovskites and beyond.