DNA/RNA Origami Based on Different Scaffolds and Their Biomedical Applications

Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, have been used extensively as building blocks to construct sophisticated nanostructures through complementary base pairing with predetermined shapes and sizes. With remarkable biocompatibility, spatial addressability, and structural programmability, self-assembled nucleic acid biomaterials have found widespread applications in various biomedical researches, including drug delivery, bioimaging, or disease diagnosis. Notably, as one of the representative nanostructures, DNA origami has drawn much attention. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in DNA/RNA origami design based on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), and single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) scaffolds for a range of biomedical applications, including drug delivery, gene regulation, immunomodulation, and receptor recognition. Additionally, the challenges and future opportunities of DNA/RNA origami in biomedical applications will be discussed.