journal article·2025-10-20Open access

Microstructure‐Based Numerical Modeling and Experimental Analysis of the Effect of Fiber‐Matrix Separation in Glass‐Reinforced Polyamide‐6 Forged Components

U. Olaziregi, A. Esnaola, M. Baskaran, H. Afonso, J. Ibarretxe, M. Iturrondobeitia, J. Aurrekoetxea

Polymer Composites· Volume 46· Issue 15

Abstract

ABSTRACT This study investigates the structural behavior of a glass‐fiber reinforced polyamide‐6 forged part using numerical simulation methods that replicate the microstructure created by the fiber‐matrix separation (FMS) phenomenon. A numerical “as‐designed” (idealized) model of a T‐beam loaded in three‐point bending, which assumed uniformly distributed fibers throughout the part, overestimated stiffness and strength of the experimental results by 106% and 86%, respectively. Process‐Property‐Structure‐Performance relationship consideration importance was highlighted in this work. The “as‐manufactured” numerical model, based on the real fiber content in each region studied by microstructural analysis, was validated with experimental three‐point bending tests predicting only 2% of deviation in stiffness. However, fiber distribution can be neglected when modeling strength in “as‐manufactured,” as failure in experimental T‐beams consistently initiated at the fiber‐free tip of the rib and propagated catastrophically through the rib area.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Composite Material Mechanics · Mechanical Behavior of Composites · Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Mechanical and Industrial Production Department Mondragon Unibertsitatea Mondragon Spain

Life Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects School of Engineering of Bilbao, Building II‐I, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao Spain

Life Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Applied Physics School of Engineering of Bilbao, Building II‐I, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao Spain

Funding

Eusko Jaurlaritza

References (32)

Show source-provided references
1. 10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.12.00710.1016/j.compscitech.2018.12.007 ↗
2. 10.3390/jcs101000210.3390/jcs1010002 ↗
3. C.Kuhn O.Taeger T.Osswald andY.Ton “Experimental Study on Fiber Matrix Separation During Compression Molding of Fiber Reinforced Rib Structures. ANTEC Orlando Florida ”2018.10.3390/jcs1010002 ↗
4. 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.12.05110.1016/j.compositesb.2016.12.051 ↗
5. Influence of Fibre Length and Concentration on the Properties of Glass Fibre‐Reinforced Polypropylene: 1. Tensile and Flexural Modulus
6. 10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00179-310.1016/S1359-835X(02)00179-3 ↗
7. 10.1002/pc.2022610.1002/pc.20226 ↗
8. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.11.02410.1016/j.compositesa.2017.11.024 ↗
9. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.04.00410.1016/j.compositesa.2017.04.004 ↗
10. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.04.00210.1016/j.compositesa.2013.04.002 ↗
11. 10.3390/JCS603006810.3390/JCS6030068 ↗
12. 10.1016/j.matdes.2004.02.01810.1016/j.matdes.2004.02.018 ↗
13. 10.3390/jcs201000210.3390/jcs2010002 ↗
14. Davis B. · 2003 · 49
15. 10.1007/s00170‐023‐12017‐510.1007/s00170‐023‐12017‐5 ↗
16. 10.1177/089270572097934710.1177/0892705720979347 ↗
17. 10.1080/15376494.2021.188637910.1080/15376494.2021.1886379 ↗
18. 10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.10803410.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108034 ↗
19. 10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.10900410.1016/j.compscitech.2021.109004 ↗
20. 10.1016/j.compscitech.2023.11013610.1016/j.compscitech.2023.110136 ↗
21. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2022.10726010.1016/j.compositesa.2022.107260 ↗
22. 10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.11079010.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110790 ↗
23. 10.1002/pc.2029510.1002/pc.20295 ↗
24. 10.3390/jcs404016510.3390/jcs4040165 ↗
25. 10.1002/j.1941‐9635.2017.tb01642.x10.1002/j.1941‐9635.2017.tb01642.x ↗
26. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.651‐653.45810.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.651‐653.458 ↗
27. 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.03.01010.1016/j.matdes.2017.03.010 ↗
28. 10.1038/nmeth.201910.1038/nmeth.2019 ↗
29. AENOR “UNE‐EN ISO 527‐1 (2020) Plastics ‐ Determination of tensile properties ‐ Part 1: General principles ”2020.
30. ASTM International “ASTM D638‐03 (2014) Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics ”2014.
31. ASTM International “ASTM D3171‐22 (2022) ‐ Standard Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials ”2022.
32. AENOR “UNE‐EN ISO 14125 (1999) ‐ Fibre‐reinforced plastic composites. Determination of flexural properties ”1999.