Exploring the Effects of Multi‐ Axial Three‐ Dimensional (3D) Weaving on the Mechanical and Low Velocity Impact Properties of Polymer Composites

ABSTRACT Weaving technology has a long history and has been under development throughout civilization. The improvements in weaving technology directly influence the composites and their mechanics. Discovering the three‐dimensional (3D) weaving technology was the first step to obtaining advanced weaving structures. However, the poor in‐plane out‐of‐yarn axis tensile and in‐plane shear properties of 3D warp interlock woven fabrics led to the development of a multi‐axis 3D weaving method. In this advanced weaving method, the bias in‐plane warp yarns can be incorporated into the 3D woven structure. Although several mechanical properties of multi‐axial 3D woven fabrics and composites have been investigated, their impact properties have not yet been fully clarified. In this study, the multi‐axial 3D woven composite (MA3DC) was produced and tested under main mechanical and low‐velocity impact loads. Moreover, the 3D warp interlock (3DWIC) and laminated composites (LC) were produced and tested to investigate the effects of weaving technology on composite mechanics. It was concluded that the multi‐axial 3D woven fabrics and their composites are one of the best solutions for impact applications among the current fabric technologies.