Empirical Modeling and Experimental Analysis of Heat‐Treated Silicone Rubber‐ TiC Composites for Advanced Piezoelectric Nanogenerators

ABSTRACT Silicone rubber (SR) is a flexible, thermally stable material with promising applications in piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs). This study examines the impact of heat treatment on SR and its composites reinforced with 5 phr titanium carbide (TiC) through the experimental analysis and empirical modeling. Eight samples were vulcanized and heat treated at 25°C, 50°C, 75°C, and 100°C. Mechanical, electrical, and biomechanical testing revealed that the TiC‐50 composite exhibited optimal performance, with a compressive modulus of 4.5 MPa and tensile strength of 2.8 MPa at 50°C. Cyclic loading tests confirm stable voltage output (±10 mV) and excellent durability. Capacitance analysis demonstrated superior energy storage properties, with a peak energy density of 0.462 μJ/m ³ and charge density of 4.202 μC/m ³ . Biomechanical response tests indicated consistent voltage generation, peaking at ±150 mV under finger pressing. An empirical correlation model, formulated using a cubic polynomial equation, accurately predicted mechanical and energy storage properties (R ² = 0.9999, RMSE = 0.4212, MAE = 0.1985). This study underscores the role of heat treatment in optimizing SR‐TiC composites and highlights the TiC‐50 composite as a multifunctional material for wearable electronics and self‐powered devices, while the predictive model aids in material optimization and energy harvesting applications.