Active tuning of near-infrared electromagnetic responses in the graphene/silicon hybrid nanohole arrays by electrical control

Dynamic tuning of electromagnetic responses guarantees numerous applications in subwavelength optoelectronics. In this paper, by taking advantages strong field confinement of all-dielectric nanohole arrays and tunability of optical conductivity through changes to the Fermi level of graphene, we present variable electromagnetic responses of the graphene/silicon hybrid nanohole arrays in the near-infrared region through simulations and experiments. We demonstrate a high quality $(Q)$ factor of toroidal dipoles resonance change from 1660 to 910 with a 0.3-nm shift in resonant wavelength. In addition, we observe a hysteretic optical behavior at 1593 nm, which originates from the interface between graphene and the ion gel and a slow polarization response in ion gel at the kHz scale. This complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible flat platform, with combined advantages of low power consumption and compact footprint, enables fruitful applications in modulators, photonic memory, artificial intelligence, and neuromorphic computing.