Near-Infrared-Responsive Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Solar Photocatalysis

The development of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as near-infrared (NIR)-responsive photocatalysts represents a promising strategy for advancing solar energy conversion and environmental remediation. Unlike conventional photocatalysts, NIR-responsive QDs possess notable optical properties, including tunable bandgap excitations, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and upconversion capabilities, which enable efficient photon absorption beyond the visible spectrum. This review explores the transformative potential of NIR-responsive QDs in photocatalytic applications, emphasizing mechanistic strategies to exploit the largely untapped NIR segment of the solar spectrum for advanced photocatalytic processes. Recent advances in small-bandgap semiconductors and self-doped plasmonic semiconductors QDs are discussed, highlighting their role in enhancing photocatalytic efficiency through synergistic electronic, plasmonic and photothermal effects. Furthermore, the application of up-conversion processes in extending the photoactive range of QDs is examined, demonstrating their potential for sustainable photocatalysis under NIR irradiation. Finally, we address current challenges in achieving performance optimization, establishing veritable working mechanism, and demonstrating pilot-scale applications, while providing insights into future directions for harnessing NIR-responsive QDs as next-generation photocatalysts. By leveraging these advanced nanomaterials, this review aims to inspire innovative strategies for harnessing the full solar spectrum, ultimately contributing to the realization of a carbon-neutral energy future.