journal article·2016-08Open access

Scanned probe imaging of nanoscale magnetism at cryogenic temperatures with a single-spin quantum sensor

Matthew Pelliccione, Alec Jenkins, Preeti Ovartchaiyapong, Christopher Reetz, Eve Emmanouilidou, Ni Ni, Ania C. Bleszynski Jayich

Nature Nanotechnology· Volume 11· Issue 8

Abstract

High-spatial-resolution magnetic imaging has driven important developments in fields ranging from materials science to biology. However, to uncover finer details approaching the nanoscale with greater sensitivity requires the development of a radically new sensor technology. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond has emerged as a promising candidate for such a sensor on the basis of its atomic size and quantum-limited sensing capabilities. It has remained an outstanding challenge to implement the NV centre as a nanoscale scanning magnetic probe at cryogenic temperatures, however, where many solid-state systems exhibit non-trivial magnetic order. Here, we present NV magnetic imaging down to 6 K with 3 μT Hz(-1/2) field sensitivity, and use the technique to image vortices in the iron pnictide superconductor BaFe2(As0.7P0.3)2 with critical temperature Tc = 30 K. The expansion of NV-based magnetic imaging to cryogenic temperatures will enable future studies of previously inaccessible nanoscale magnetism in condensed-matter systems.
Source: europepmc · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research · Iron-based superconductors research · Electronic and Structural Properties of Oxides

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (50)

Show source-provided references
1. Lake, B. et al. Spins in the vortices of a high-temperature superconductor. Science 291, 1759–1762 (2001).10.1126/science.1056986 ↗
2. Brinkman, A. et al. Magnetic effects at the interface between non-magnetic oxides. Nature Mater. 6, 493–496 (2007).10.1038/nmat1931 ↗
3. Nagaosa, N. & Tokura, Y. Topological properties and dynamics of magnetic skyrmions. Nature Nanotech. 8, 899–911 (2013).10.1038/nnano.2013.243 ↗
4. Muhlbauer, S. et al. Skyrmion lattice in a chiral magnet. Science 323, 915–919 (2009).10.1126/science.1166767 ↗
5. Milde, P. et al. Unwinding of a skyrmion lattice by magnetic monopoles. Science 340, 1076–1080 (2013).10.1126/science.1234657 ↗
6. Kalisky, B. et al. Critical thickness for ferromagnetism in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures. Nature Commun. 3, 922 (2012).10.1038/ncomms1931 ↗
7. Yu, X. Z. et al. Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal. Nature 465, 901–904 (2010).10.1038/nature09124 ↗
8. Christianson, A. D. et al. Unconventional superconductivity in Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 from inelastic neutron scattering. Nature 456, 930–932 (2008).10.1038/nature07625 ↗
9. Vasyukov, D. et al. A scanning superconducting quantum interference device with single electron spin sensitivity. Nature Nanotech. 8, 639–644 (2013).10.1038/nnano.2013.169 ↗
10. Van der Sar, T. et al. Decoherence-protected quantum gates for a hybrid solid-state spin register. Nature 484, 82–86 (2012).10.1038/nature10900 ↗
11. Buckley, B. B. et al. Spin-light coherence for single-spin measurement and control in diamond. Science 330, 1212–1215 (2010).10.1126/science.1196436 ↗
12. Maurer, P. C. et al. Room-temperature quantum bit memory exceeding one second. Science 336, 1283–1286 (2012).10.1126/science.1220513 ↗
13. Neumann, P. et al. Single-shot readout of a single nuclear spin. Science 329, 542–544 (2010).10.1126/science.1189075 ↗
14. Faraon, A. et al. Resonant enhancement of the zero-phonon emission from a colour centre in a diamond cavity. Nature Photon. 5, 301–305 (2011).10.1038/nphoton.2011.52 ↗
15. Toyli, D. M., de las Casas, C. F., Christle, D. J., Dobrovitski, V. V. & Awschalom, D. D. Fluorescence thermometry enhanced by the quantum coherence of single spins in diamond. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 8417–8421 (2013).10.1073/pnas.1306825110 ↗
16. Dolde, F. et al. Electric-field sensing using single diamond spins. Nature Phys. 7, 459–463 (2011).10.1038/nphys1969 ↗
17. Staudacher, T. et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a (5-nanometer)3 sample volume. Science 339, 561–563 (2013).10.1126/science.1231675 ↗
18. Mamin, H. J. et al. Nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance with a nitrogen vacancy spin sensor. Science 339, 557–560 (2013).10.1126/science.1231540 ↗
19. Ovartchaiyapong, P., Lee, K. W., Myers, B. A. & Jayich, A. C. B. Dynamic strain-mediated coupling of a single diamond spin to a mechanical resonator. Nature Commun. 5, 4429 (2014).10.1038/ncomms5429 ↗
20. Rondin, L. et al. Magnetometry with nitrogen–vacancy defects in diamond. Rep. Prog. Phys. 77, 056503 (2014).10.1088/0034-4885/77/5/056503 ↗
21. Chernobrod, B. M. & Berman, G. P. Spin microscope based on optically detected magnetic resonance. J. Appl. Phys. 97, 014903 (2005).10.1063/1.1829373 ↗
22. Degen, C. L. Scanning magnetic field microscope with a diamond single spin sensor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 243111 (2008).10.1063/1.2943282 ↗
23. Taylor, J. M. et al. High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution. Nature Phys. 4, 810–816 (2008).10.1038/nphys1075 ↗
24. Pelliccione, M., Myers, B. A., Pascal, L. M. A., Das, A. & Bleszynski Jayich, A. C. Two-dimensional nanoscale imaging of gadolinium spins via scanning probe relaxometry with a single spin in diamond. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2, 054014 (2014).10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.054014 ↗
25. Balasubramanian, G. et al. Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions. Nature 455, 648–651 (2008).10.1038/nature07278 ↗
26. Maletinsky, P. et al. A robust scanning diamond sensor for nanoscale imaging with single nitrogen-vacancy centres. Nature Nanotech. 7, 320–324 (2012).10.1038/nnano.2012.50 ↗
27. Grinolds, M. S. et al. Nanoscale magnetic imaging of a single electron spin under ambient conditions. Nature Phys. 9, 215–219 (2013).10.1038/nphys2543 ↗
28. Rondin, L. et al. Stray-field imaging of magnetic vortices with a single diamond spin. Nature Commun. 4, 2279 (2013).10.1038/ncomms3279 ↗
29. Tetienne, J.-P. et al. Nanoscale imaging and control of domain-wall hopping with a nitrogen-vacancy center microscope. Science 344, 1366–1369 (2014).10.1126/science.1250113 ↗
30. Toyli, D. M. et al. Measurement and control of single nitrogen-vacancy center spins above 600 K. Phys. Rev. X 2, 031001 (2012).
31. Loretz, M., Pezzagna, S., Meijer, J. & Degen, C. L. Nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance with a 1.9-nm-deep nitrogen-vacancy sensor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 033102 (2014). .10.1063/1.4862749 ↗
32. Favaro de Oliveira, F. et al. Effect of low-damage inductively coupled plasma on shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 073107 (2015).10.1063/1.4929356 ↗
33. Pelliccione, M., Sciambi, A., Bartel, J., Keller, A. J. & Goldhaber-Gordon, D. Design of a scanning gate microscope for mesoscopic electron systems in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 033703 (2013).10.1063/1.4794767 ↗
34. Ovartchaiyapong, P., Pascal, L. M. A., Myers, B. A., Lauria, P. & Bleszynski Jayich, A. C. High quality factor single-crystal diamond mechanical resonators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 163505 (2012).10.1063/1.4760274 ↗
35. Hausmann, B. J. M. et al. Single-color centers implanted in diamond nanostructures. New J. Phys. 13, 045004 (2011).10.1088/1367-2630/13/4/045004 ↗
36. Meijer, J. et al. Generation of single color centers by focused nitrogen implantation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 261909 (2005).10.1063/1.2103389 ↗
37. Luan, L. et al. Decoherence imaging of spin ensembles using a scanning single-electron spin in diamond. Sci. Rep. 5 (2015).10.1038/srep08119 ↗
38. Cole, J. H. & Hollenberg, L. C. L. Scanning quantum decoherence microscopy. Nanotechnology 20, 495401 (2009).10.1088/0957-4484/20/49/495401 ↗
39. Bouchard, L. S., Acosta, V. M., Bauch, E. & Budker, D. Detection of the Meissner effect with a diamond magnetometer. New J. Phys. 13, 025017 (2011).10.1088/1367-2630/13/2/025017 ↗
40. Waxman, A. et al. Diamond magnetometry of superconducting thin films. Phys. Rev. B 89, 054509 (2014).10.1103/PhysRevB.89.054509 ↗
41. Pearl, J. Structure of superconductive vortices near a metal-air interface. J. Appl. Phys. 37, 4139–4141 (1966).10.1063/1.1707989 ↗
42. Hashimoto, K. et al. A sharp peak of the zero-temperature penetration depth at optimal composition in BaFe2(As1−xPx)2 . Science 336, 1554–1557 (2012).10.1126/science.1219821 ↗
43. Demirdis, S. et al. Disorder, critical currents, and vortex pinning energies in isovalently substituted BaFe2(As1−xPx)2 . Phys. Rev. B 87, 094506 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevB.87.094506 ↗
44. Yin, Y. et al. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and vortex imaging in the iron pnictide superconductor BaFe1.8Co0.2As2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 097002 (2009).10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.097002 ↗
45. Gutierrez, J. et al. Scanning Hall probe microscopy of unconventional vortex patterns in the two-gap MgB2 superconductor. Phys. Rev. B 85, 094511 (2012).10.1103/PhysRevB.85.094511 ↗
46. Håkansson, M., Löfwander, T. & Fogelström, M. Spontaneously broken time-reversal symmetry in high-temperature superconductors. Nature Phys. 11, 755–760 (2015).10.1038/nphys3383 ↗
47. Janson, O. et al. The quantum nature of skyrmions and half-skyrmions in Cu2OSeO3 . Nature Commun. 5, 5376 (2014).10.1038/ncomms6376 ↗
48. Jackson, C. A., Zhang, J. Y., Freeze, C. R. & Stemmer, S. Quantum critical behaviour in confined SrTiO3 quantum wells embedded in antiferromagnetic SmTiO3 . Nature Commun. 5, 4258 (2014).10.1038/ncomms5258 ↗
49. Momenzadeh, S. A. et al. Nanoengineered diamond waveguide as a robust bright platform for nanomagnetometry using shallow nitrogen vacancy centers. Nano Lett. 15, 165–169 (2015).10.1021/nl503326t ↗
50. Myers, B. A. et al. Probing surface noise with depth-calibrated spins in diamond. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 027602 (2014).10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.027602 ↗