Ultrasensitive force detection with a nanotube mechanical resonator
Source abstract
Abstract
Since the advent of atomic force microscopy, mechanical resonators have been used to study a wide variety of phenomena, including the dynamics of individual electron spins, persistent currents in normal metal rings and the Casimir force. Key to these experiments is the ability to measure weak forces. Here, we report on force sensing experiments with a sensitivity of 12 zN Hz(-1/2) at a temperature of 1.2 K using a resonator made of a carbon nanotube. An ultrasensitive method based on cross-correlated electrical noise measurements, in combination with parametric downconversion, is used to detect the low-amplitude vibrations of the nanotube induced by weak forces. The force sensitivity is quantified by applying a known capacitive force. This detection method also allows us to measure the Brownian vibrations of the nanotube down to cryogenic temperatures. Force sensing with nanotube resonators offers new opportunities for detecting and manipulating individual nuclear spins as well as for magnetometry measurements.
Source: europepmc · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Mechanical and Optical Resonators · Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications · Advanced MEMS and NEMS Technologies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (31)
Show source-provided references
1. Binnig, G., Quate, C. F. & Gerber, Ch. Atomic force microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930–933 (1986).10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.930 ↗
2. Rugar, D., Budakian, R., Mamin, H. J. & Chui, B. W. Single spin detection by magnetic resonance force microscopy. Nature 430, 329–332 (2004).10.1038/nature02658 ↗
3. Bleszynski-Jayich, A. C. et al. Persistent currents in normal metal rings. Science 326, 272–275 (2009).10.1126/science.1178139 ↗
4. Mohideen, U. & Roy, A. Precision measurement of the Casimir force from 0.1 to 0.9 µm. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 4549–4552 (1998).10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.4549 ↗
5. Chan, H. B., Aksyuk, V. A., Kleiman, R. N., Bishop, D. J. & Capasso, F. Quantum mechanical actuation of microelectromechanical systems by the Casimir force. Science 291, 1941–1944 (2001).10.1126/science.1057984 ↗
6. Stowe, T. D. et al. Attonewton force detection using ultrathin silicon cantilevers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 288–290 (1997).10.1063/1.119522 ↗
7. Mamin, H. J. & Rugar, D. Sub-attonewton force detection at millikelvin temperatures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 3358–3360 (2001).10.1063/1.1418256 ↗
8. Tao, Y., Boss, J. M., Moores, B. A. & Degen, C. L. Single-crystal diamond nanomechanical resonators with quality factors exceeding one million. Preprint at http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/1212.1347 (2012).
9. Teufel, J. D., Donner, T., Castellanos-Beltran, M. A., Harlow, J. W. & Lehnert, K. W. Nanomechanical motion measured with an imprecision below that at the standard quantum limit. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 151910 (2013).10.1063/1.4802746 ↗
10. Gavartin, E., Verlot, P. & Kippenberg, T. J. A hybrid on-chip optomechanical transducer for ultrasensitive force measurements. Nature Nanotech. 7, 509–514 (2012).10.1038/nnano.2012.97 ↗
11. Chang, D. E. et al. Cavity opto-mechanics using an optically levitated nanosphere. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 1005–1010 (2009).10.1073/pnas.0912969107 ↗
12. Li, T., Kheifets, S. & Raizen, M. G. Millikelvin cooling of an optically trapped microsphere in vacuum. Nature Phys. 7, 527–530 (2011).10.1038/nphys1952 ↗
13. Gieseler, J., Deutsch, B., Quidant, R. & Novotny, L. Subkelvin parametric feedback cooling of a laser-trapped nanoparticle. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 103603 (2012).10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.103603 ↗
14. Reulet, B. et al. Acoustoelectric effects in carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2829–2832 (2000).10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2829 ↗
15. Sazonova, V. et al. A tunable carbon nanotube electromechanical oscillator. Nature 431, 284–287 (2004).10.1038/nature02905 ↗
16. Lassagne, B., Tarakanov, Y., Kinaret, J., Garcia-Sanchez, D. & Bachtold, A. Coupling mechanics to charge transport in carbon nanotube mechanical resonators. Science 325, 1107–1110 (2009).10.1126/science.1174290 ↗
17. Steele, G. A. et al. Strong coupling between single-electron tunneling and nanomechanical motion. Science 325, 1103–1107 (2009).10.1126/science.1176076 ↗
18. Eichler, A., Moser, J., Chaste, J., Zdrojek, M., Wilson-Rae, I. & Bachtold, A. Nonlinear damping in mechanical resonators made from carbon nanotubes and graphene. Nature Nanotech. 6, 339–342 (2011).10.1038/nnano.2011.71 ↗
19. Hüttel, A. K. et al. Carbon nanotubes as ultrahigh quality factor mechanical resonators. Nano Lett. 9, 2547–2552 (2009).10.1021/nl900612h ↗
20. Nichol, J. M., Hemesath, E. R., Lauhon, L. J. & Budakian, R. Nanomechanical detection of nuclear magnetic resonance using a silicon nanowire oscillator. Phys. Rev. B 85, 054414 (2012).10.1103/PhysRevB.85.054414 ↗
21. Stapfner, S. et al. Cavity-enhanced optical detection of carbon nanotube Brownian motion. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 151910 (2013).10.1063/1.4802746 ↗
22. Chaste, J., Sledzinska, M., Zdrojek, M., Moser, J. & Bachtold, A. High-frequency nanotube mechanical resonators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 213502 (2011).10.1063/1.3663630 ↗
23. Gouttenoire, V. et al. Digital and FM demodulation of a doubly clamped single-walled carbon-nanotube oscillator: towards a nanotube cell phone. Small 6, 1060–1065 (2010).10.1002/smll.200901984 ↗
24. Glattli, D. C., Jacques, P., Kumar, A., Pari, P. & Saminadayar, L. A noise detection scheme with 10 mK noise temperature resolution for semiconductor single electron tunneling devices. J. Appl. Phys. 81, 7350–7356 (1997).10.1063/1.365332 ↗
25. Saminadayar, L., Glattli, D. C., Jin, Y. & Etienne, B. Observation of the e/3 fractionally charged Laughlin quasiparticle. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2526–2529 (1997).10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.2526 ↗
26. Henny, M., Oberholzer, S., Strunk, C. & Schönenberger, C. 1/3-shot-noise suppression in diffusive nanowires. Phys. Rev. B 59, 2871–2880 (1999).10.1103/PhysRevB.59.2871 ↗
27. Ganzhorn, M. & Wernsdorfer, W. Dynamics and dissipation induced by single-electron tunneling in carbon nanotube nanoelectromechanical systems. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 175502 (2012).10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.175502 ↗
28. Cleland, A. N. & Roukes, M. L. M. Noise processes in nanomechanical resonators. J. Appl. Phys. 92, 2758–2769 (2002).10.1063/1.1499745 ↗
29. Maizelis, Z. A., Roukes, M. L. & Dykman, M. I. Detecting and characterizing frequency fluctuations of vibrational modes. Phys. Rev. B 84, 144301 (2011).10.1103/PhysRevB.84.144301 ↗
30. Poggio, M. & Degen, C. L. Force-detected nuclear magnetic resonance: recent advances and future challenges. Nanotechnology 21, 342001 (2010).10.1088/0957-4484/21/34/342001 ↗
31. Degen, C. L., Poggio, M., Mamin, H. J., Rettner, C. T. & Rugar, D. Nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 1313–1317 (2009).10.1073/pnas.0812068106 ↗