Controlled solid-state crystallization with formamidinium acetate for fully vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
No abstract is available for this record. The assistant can identify its topic from the title, but cannot infer the study’s results.
Source: Not provided · Quality: missing
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Perovskite Materials and Applications · TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells · Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (86)
Show source-provided references
1. Yuan, L. et al. Perovskite solar cells and light emitting diodes: materials chemistry, device physics and relationship. Chem. Rev. 125, 5057–5162 (2025).10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00663 ↗
2. Best research-cell efficiency chart. NLR https://www.nlr.gov/pv/cell-efficiency (2026).
3. Chen, P. et al. Multifunctional ytterbium oxide buffer for perovskite solar cells. Nature 625, 516–522 (2024).10.1038/s41586-023-06892-x ↗
4. Li, J. et al. Efficient all-thermally evaporated perovskite light-emitting diodes for active-matrix displays. Nat. Photon. 17, 435–441 (2023).10.1038/s41566-023-01177-1 ↗
5. Abzieher, T. et al. Vapor phase deposition of perovskite photovoltaics: short track to commercialization?. Energy Environ. Sci. 17, 1645–1663 (2024).10.1039/D3EE03273F ↗
6. Kosasih, F. U., Erdenebileg, E., Mathews, N., Mhaisalkar, S. G. & Bruno, A. Thermal evaporation and hybrid deposition of perovskite solar cells and mini-modules. Joule 6, 2692–2734 (2022).10.1016/j.joule.2022.11.004 ↗
7. Zou, Y. et al. A crystal capping layer for formation of black-phase FAPbI3 perovskite in humid air. Science 385, 161–167 (2024).10.1126/science.adn9646 ↗
8. Yang, Z. et al. Slot-die coating large-area formamidinium-cesium perovskite film for efficient and stable parallel solar module. Sci. Adv. 7, eabg3749 (2021).10.1126/sciadv.abg3749 ↗
9. Huang, X. et al. Solvent racing crystallization: low-solvation dispersion cosolvents for high-quality halide perovskites in photovoltaics. Joule 7, 1556–1573 (2023).10.1016/j.joule.2023.05.020 ↗
10. Siliavka, E. et al. Additive engineering of sequentially evaporated FAPbI3 solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 16, 2500963 (2025).10.1002/aenm.202500963 ↗
11. Zhang, Z. et al. Efficient thermally evaporated γ-CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2100299 (2021).10.1002/aenm.202100299 ↗
12. Lee, K. et al. Vacuum-processed propylene urea additive: a novel approach for controlling the growth of CH3NH3PbI3 crystals in all vacuum-processed perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16, 21915–21923 (2024).10.1021/acsami.4c02043 ↗
13. Li, H. et al. Sequential vacuum-evaporated perovskite solar cells with more than 24% efficiency. Sci. Adv. 8, eabo7422 (2022).10.1126/sciadv.abo7422 ↗
14. Niu, T. et al. Phase-pure α-FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells via activating lead–Iodine frameworks. Adv. Mater. 36, 2309171 (2024).10.1002/adma.202309171 ↗
15. Zhang, Y. et al. Nonalloyed α-phase formamidinium lead triiodide solar cells through iodine intercalation. Science 387, 284–290 (2025).10.1126/science.ads8968 ↗
16. Li, S. et al. High-efficiency and thermally stable FACsPbI3 perovskite photovoltaics. Nature 635, 82–88 (2024).10.1038/s41586-024-08103-7 ↗
17. Liu, S. et al. Buried interface molecular hybrid for inverted perovskite solar cells. Nature 632, 536–542 (2024).10.1038/s41586-024-07723-3 ↗
18. Zai, H. et al. Wafer-scale monolayer MoS2 film integration for stable, efficient perovskite solar cells. Science 387, 186–192 (2025).10.1126/science.ado2351 ↗
19. Xu, Y. et al. Boosted charge extraction of SnO2 nanorod arrays via nanostructural and surface chemical engineering for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Appl. Surf. Sci. 607, 154986 (2023).10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.154986 ↗
20. Yao, Q. et al. Weakening solvent-solute interactions for high-efficiency screen-printed perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64, e202501350 (2025).10.1002/anie.202501350 ↗
21. Sun, Y. et al. N-type surface design for p-type CZTSSe thin film to attain high efficiency. Adv. Mater. 33, 2104330 (2021).10.1002/adma.202104330 ↗
22. Tian, C. et al. Air-processed efficient perovskite solar cells with full lifecycle management. Adv. Mater. 37, 2411982 (2025).10.1002/adma.202411982 ↗
23. Zheng, Y. et al. Towards 26% efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells via interfacial flipped band bending and suppressed deep-level traps. Energy Environ. Sci. 17, 1153–1162 (2024).10.1039/D3EE03435F ↗
24. Hamwi, S., Meyer, J., Winkler, T., Riedl, T. & Kowalsky, W. p-Type doping efficiency of MoO3 in organic hole transport materials. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 253307 (2009).10.1063/1.3159824 ↗
25. Khenkin, M. V. et al. Consensus statement for stability assessment and reporting for perovskite photovoltaics based on ISOS procedures. Nat. Energy 5, 35–49 (2020).10.1038/s41560-019-0529-5 ↗
26. Perdew, J. P., Burke, K. & Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865–3868 (1996).10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.3865 ↗
27. Blöchl, P. E. Projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 50, 17953–17979 (1994).10.1103/PhysRevB.50.17953 ↗
28. Weller, M. T., Weber, O. J., Frost, J. M. & Walsh, A. Cubic perovskite structure of black formamidinium lead iodide, α-[HC(NH2)2]PbI3, at 298 K. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 3209–3212 (2015).10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01432 ↗
29. Lee, K., Murray, ÉD., Kong, L., Lundqvist, B. I. & Langreth, D. C. Higher-accuracy van der Waals density functional. Phys. Rev. B 82, 081101 (2010).10.1103/PhysRevB.82.081101 ↗
30. Lu, T. & Chen, F. Multiwfn: a multifunctional wavefunction analyzer. J. Comput. Chem. 33, 580–592 (2012).10.1002/jcc.22885 ↗
31. Ng, T.-W., Chan, C.-Y., Lo, M.-F., Guan, Z. Q. & Lee, C.-S. Formation chemistry of perovskites with mixed iodide/chloride content and the implications on charge transport properties. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 9081–9085 (2015).10.1039/C4TA05819D ↗
32. Hu, H. et al. Vapour-based processing of hole-conductor-free CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite/C60 fullerene planar solar cells. RSC Adv. 4, 28964–28967 (2014).10.1039/C4RA03820G ↗
33. Scholz, L. et al. Hole-transport material variation in fully vacuum deposited perovskite solar cells. APL Mater. 2, 081503 (2014).10.1063/1.4889843 ↗
34. Ke, W. et al. Efficient fully-vacuum-processed perovskite solar cells using copper phthalocyanine as hole selective layers. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 23888–23894 (2015).10.1039/C5TA07829F ↗
35. Kim, B.-S., Kim, T.-M., Choi, M.-S., Shim, H.-S. & Kim, J.-J. Fully vacuum–processed perovskite solar cells with high open circuit voltage using MoO3/NPB as hole extraction layers. Org. Electron. 17, 102–106 (2015).10.1016/j.orgel.2014.12.002 ↗
36. Hsiao, S.-Y. et al. Efficient all-vacuum deposited perovskite solar cells by controlling reagent partial pressure in high vacuum. Adv. Mater. 28, 7013–7019 (2016).10.1002/adma.201601505 ↗
37. Momblona, C. et al. Efficient vacuum deposited p–i–n and n–i–p perovskite solar cells employing doped charge transport layers. Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 3456–3463 (2016).10.1039/C6EE02100J ↗
38. Kim, B.-S., Choi, M.-H., Choi, M.-S. & Kim, J.-J. Composition-controlled organometal halide perovskite via CH3NH3I pressure in a vacuum co-deposition process. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 5663–5668 (2016).10.1039/C6TA00168H ↗
39. Abzieher, T. et al. Efficient all-evaporated pin-perovskite solar cells: a promising approach toward industrial large-scale fabrication. IEEE J. Photovoltaics 9, 1249–1257 (2019).10.1109/JPHOTOV.2019.2920727 ↗
40. Longo, G. et al. Fully vacuum-processed wide band gap mixed-halide perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 3, 214–219 (2018).10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01217 ↗
41. Abzieher, T. et al. Electron-beam-evaporated nickel oxide hole transport layers for perovskite-based photovoltaics. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1802995 (2019).10.1002/aenm.201802995 ↗
42. La-Placa, M.-G. et al. Vacuum-deposited 2D/3D perovskite heterojunctions. ACS Energy Lett. 4, 2893–2901 (2019).10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02224 ↗
43. Palazon, F. et al. Room-temperature cubic phase crystallization and high stability of vacuum-deposited methylammonium lead triiodide thin films for high-efficiency solar cells. Adv. Mater. 31, 1902692 (2019).10.1002/adma.201902692 ↗
44. Babaei, A. et al. Preparation and characterization of mixed halide MAPBi3−xClx perovskite thin films by three-source vacuum deposition. Energy Technol. 8, 1900784 (2020).10.1002/ente.201900784 ↗
45. Babaei, A. et al. Efficient vacuum deposited p–i–n perovskite solar cells by front contact optimization. Front. Chem. 7, 936 (2020).10.3389/fchem.2019.00936 ↗
46. Pérez-del-Rey, D. et al. Molecular passivation of MoO3: band alignment and protection of charge transport layers in vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells. Chem. Mater. 31, 6945–6949 (2019).10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01396 ↗
47. Tavakoli, M. M., Yadav, P., Prochowicz, D. & Tavakoli, R. Efficient, hysteresis-free, and flexible inverted perovskite solar cells using all-vacuum processing. Sol. RRL 5, 2000552 (2021).10.1002/solr.202000552 ↗
48. Kim, B.-S., Gil-Escrig, L., Sessolo, M. & Bolink, H. J. Deposition kinetics and compositional control of vacuum-processed CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 6852–6859 (2020).10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01995 ↗
49. Tavakoli, M. M. & Tavakoli, R. All-vacuum-processing for fabrication of efficient, large-scale, and flexible inverted perovskite solar cells. Phys. Status Solidi R 15, 2000449 (2021).10.1002/pssr.202000449 ↗
50. Gil-Escrig, L. et al. Fully vacuum-processed perovskite solar cells on pyramidal microtextures. Sol. RRL 5, 2000553 (2021).10.1002/solr.202000553 ↗
51. Lei, T. et al. Flexible perovskite solar modules with functional layers fully vacuum deposited. Sol. RRL 4, 2000292 (2020).10.1002/solr.202000292 ↗
52. Paliwal, A. et al. Vacuum-deposited microcavity perovskite photovoltaic devices. ACS Photonics 8, 2067–2073 (2021).10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00389 ↗
53. Abzieher, T. et al. From groundwork to efficient solar cells: on the importance of the substrate material in co-evaporated perovskite solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2201762 (2022).10.1002/adfm.202201762 ↗
54. Susic, I. et al. Intrinsic organic semiconductors as hole transport layers in p–i–n perovskite solar cells. Sol. RRL 6, 2100882 (2022).10.1002/solr.202100882 ↗
55. Choi, Y. et al. Toward all-vacuum-processable perovskite solar cells with high efficiency, stability, and scalability enabled by fluorinated spiro-ometad through thermal evaporation. Sol. RRL 5, 2100415 (2021).10.1002/solr.202100415 ↗
56. Kim, B.-S. et al. Simple approach for an electron extraction layer in an all-vacuum processed n–i–p perovskite solar cell. Energy Adv. 1, 252–257 (2022).10.1039/D1YA00084E ↗
57. Chen, C.-Y. et al. All-vacuum-deposited stoichiometrically balanced inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite solar cells with stabilized efficiency exceeding 11%. Adv. Mater. 29, 1605290 (2017).10.1002/adma.201605290 ↗
58. Lin, H.-Y. et al. Efficient cesium lead halide perovskite solar cells through alternative thousand-layer rapid deposition. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1905163 (2019).10.1002/adfm.201905163 ↗
59. Igual-Muñoz, A. M. et al. Room-temperature vacuum deposition of CsPbI2Br perovskite films from multiple sources and mixed halide precursors. Chem. Mater. 32, 8641–8652 (2020).10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03038 ↗
60. Pintor Monroy, M. I. et al. All-evaporated, all-inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite-based devices for broad-band photodetector and solar cell applications. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 3, 3023–3033 (2021).10.1021/acsaelm.1c00252 ↗
61. Gil-Escrig, L. et al. Efficient vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells with stable cubic FA1–xMAxPbI3. ACS Energy Lett. 5, 3053–3061 (2020).10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01473 ↗
62. Gil-Escrig, L. et al. Efficient wide-bandgap mixed-cation and mixed-halide perovskite solar cells by vacuum deposition. ACS Energy Lett. 6, 827–836 (2021).10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02445 ↗
63. Gil-Escrig, L. et al. Vacuum deposited triple-cation mixed-halide perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1703506 (2018).10.1002/aenm.201703506 ↗
64. Yuan, Q. et al. Thermally stable perovskite solar cells by all-vacuum deposition. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15, 772–781 (2023).10.1021/acsami.2c14658 ↗
65. Xu, Y.-Y. et al. Octahedral tilt enables efficient and stable fully vapor-deposited perovskite/silicon tandem cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2312037 (2024).10.1002/adfm.202312037 ↗
66. Murokinas, G. et al. Enhancing stability in all-vacuum-evaporated hybrid perovskite solar cells via a bipolar host as a hole-transporting layer. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 17, 5141–5152 (2025).10.1021/acsami.4c13412 ↗
67. Feeney, T. et al. Understanding and exploiting interfacial interactions between phosphonic acid functional groups and co-evaporated perovskites. Matter 7, 2066–2090 (2024).10.1016/j.matt.2024.02.004 ↗
68. Shih, C.-J. et al. Exploring buried interface in all-vapor-deposited perovskite photovoltaics. Sol. Energy 280, 112872 (2024).10.1016/j.solener.2024.112872 ↗
69. Diercks, A. et al. Sequential evaporation of inverted FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells – impact of substrate on crystallization and film formation. ACS Energy Lett. 10, 1165–1173 (2025).10.1021/acsenergylett.4c03315 ↗
70. Choi, Y. et al. Scalable all-vacuum-processed perovskite solar cells enabled by low energy-disorder hole-transport layer. Adv. Energy Mater. 15, 2404797 (2025).10.1002/aenm.202404797 ↗
71. Peng, C. et al. High-performance thermally evaporated blue perovskite light-emitting diodes enabled by post-evaporation passivation. Chem. Eng. J. 499, 155955 (2024).10.1016/j.cej.2024.155955 ↗
72. Chen, B. et al. Self-assembled monolayers as hole transport layers for efficient thermally evaporated blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Chem. Eng. J. 476, 146476 (2023).10.1016/j.cej.2023.146476 ↗
73. Peng, C. et al. The synergy of pre-frozen substrates and post-annealing for high-efficiency co-evaporated blue perovskite LEDs. Chem. Eng. J. 493, 152579 (2024).10.1016/j.cej.2024.152579 ↗
74. Sun, L. et al. Improved vacuum-evaporated blue perovskite light-emitting diodes with phenethylammonium chloride and guanidinium bromide synergistic post-processing modification. Front. Optoelectron. 18, 5 (2025).10.1007/s12200-025-00152-8 ↗
75. He, Z. et al. High-efficiency and emission-tunable inorganic blue perovskite light-emitting diodes based on vacuum deposition. Small 20, 2305379 (2024).10.1002/smll.202305379 ↗
76. Zhu, J. et al. All-thermally evaporated blue perovskite light-emitting diodes for active matrix displays. Small Methods 8, 2300712 (2024).10.1002/smtd.202300712 ↗
77. Fu, Y. et al. Scalable all-evaporation fabrication of efficient light-emitting diodes with hybrid 2D–3D perovskite nanostructures. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2002913 (2020).10.1002/adfm.202002913 ↗
78. Jia, K. et al. Improved performance for thermally evaporated perovskite light-emitting devices via defect passivation and carrier regulation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 15928–15933 (2020).10.1021/acsami.0c01173 ↗
79. Du, P. et al. Efficient and large-area all vacuum-deposited perovskite light-emitting diodes via spatial confinement. Nat. Commun. 12, 4751 (2021).10.1038/s41467-021-25093-6 ↗
80. Song, L. et al. Efficient thermally evaporated perovskite light-emitting devices via a bilateral interface engineering strategy. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 12, 6165–6173 (2021).10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01592 ↗
81. Hsieh, C.-A. et al. Vacuum-deposited inorganic perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 10% via composition and crystallinity manipulation of emission layer under high vacuum. Adv. Sci. 10, 2206076 (2023).10.1002/advs.202206076 ↗
82. Peng, C. et al. The synergy of the buried interface surface energy and temperature for thermal evaporated perovskite light-emitting diodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15, 15768–15774 (2023).10.1021/acsami.3c00376 ↗
83. Meng, N. et al. Fully thermal-evaporated perovskite light-emitting diodes with brightness exceeding 240 000 nits. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35, e10484 (2025).10.1002/adfm.202510484 ↗
84. Liu, N. et al. Fluorine-modified passivator for efficient vacuum-deposited pure-red perovskite light-emitting diodes. Light Sci. Appl. 14, 118 (2025).10.1038/s41377-025-01740-1 ↗
85. He, S. et al. Efficient thermally evaporated near-infrared perovskite light-emitting diodes via phase regulation. Nano Micro Lett. 17, 270 (2025).10.1007/s40820-025-01776-3 ↗
86. Dänekamp, B. et al. Efficient photo- and electroluminescence by trap states passivation in vacuum-deposited hybrid perovskite thin films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 36187–36193 (2018).10.1021/acsami.8b13100 ↗