Perovskite solar cells with 18.21% efficiency and area over 1 cm2 fabricated by heterojunction engineering
Source abstract
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising low-cost photovoltaic technologies with high solar-to-electric power conversion efficiency (PCE). The heterojunction structure between perovskite and charge extraction layers is crucial to the photovoltaic performance of PSCs. Here, we report efficient inverted-structured PSCs with a perovskite–fullerene graded heterojunction (GHJ), in which the electron-accepting material is distributed in the perovskite layer with a gradient. This structure can enhance the PCE as it improves the photoelectron collection and reduces recombination loss, especially for the formamidinium cation-based perovskite. The conformal fullerene coating on perovskite during the GHJ deposition achieves a full coverage with reduced layer thickness, thus minimizing the resistive loss in larger sized devices. Our strategy enables the fabrication of centimetre-scale PSCs showing high efficiency with small hysteresis and good stability. A PCE of 18.21% was certified by an independent institution for cells with an aperture area of 1.022 cm2. The performance of inverted perovskite solar cells has so far lagged behind that of their normal-structure counterparts. Wu et al. fabricate an inverted perovskite–fullerene solar cell with a graded heterojunction that achieves a certified efficiency of over 18% for a cell area of 1 cm2.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Perovskite Materials and Applications · Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties · Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (32)
Show source-provided references
1. Best Research-Cell Efficiencies (2016); http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg
2. Zhang, W., Eperon, G. E. & Snaith, H. J. Metal halide perovskites for energy applications. Nat. Energy 1, 16048 (2016).10.1038/nenergy.2016.48 ↗
3. Stranks, S. D. & Snaith, H. J. Metal-halide perovskites for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. Nat. Nanotech. 10, 391–402 (2015).10.1038/nnano.2015.90 ↗
4. Xing, G. et al. Long-range balanced electron- and hole-transport lengths in organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3 . Science 342, 344–347 (2013).10.1126/science.1243167 ↗
5. Shi, D. et al. Low trap-state density and long carrier diffusion in organolead trihalide perovskite single crystals. Science 347, 519–522 (2015).10.1126/science.aaa2725 ↗
6. Kim, H. et al. Lead iodide perovskite sensitized all-solid-state submicron thin film mesoscopic solar cell with efficiency exceeding 9%. Sci. Rep. 2, 591 (2012).10.1038/srep00591 ↗
7. Liu, M., Johnston, M. B. & Snaith, H. J. Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition. Nature 501, 395–398 (2013).10.1038/nature12509 ↗
8. Burschka, J. et al. Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells. Nature 499, 316–319 (2013).10.1038/nature12340 ↗
9. Jeng, J. et al. CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite/fullerene planar-heterojunction hybrid solar cells. Adv. Mater. 25, 3727–3732 (2013).10.1002/adma.201301327 ↗
10. Yang, W. S. et al. High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange. Science 348, 1234–1237 (2015).10.1126/science.aaa9272 ↗
11. Bi, D. et al. Efficient luminescent solar cells based on tailored mixed-cation perovskites. Sci. Adv. 2, e1501170 (2016).10.1126/sciadv.1501170 ↗
12. Meng, L., You, J., Guo, T. & Yang, Y. Recent advances in the inverted planar structure of perovskite solar cells. Acc. Chem. Res. 49, 155–165 (2016).10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00404 ↗
13. You, J. et al. Improved air stability of perovskite solar cells via solution-processed metal oxide transport layers. Nat. Nanotech. 11, 75–81 (2016).10.1038/nnano.2015.230 ↗
14. Shao, Y., Xiao, Z., Bi, C., Yuan, Y. & Huang, J. Origin and elimination of photocurrent hysteresis by fullerene passivation in CH3NH3PbI3 planar heterojunction solar cells. Nat. Commun. 5, 6784 (2014).
15. Shao, Y., Yuan, Y. & Huang, J. Correlation of energy disorder and open-circuit voltage in hybrid perovskite solar cells. Nat. Energy 1, 15001 (2016).10.1038/nenergy.2015.1 ↗
16. Green, M. A., Emery, K., Hishikawa, Y., Warta, W. & Dunlop, E. D. Solar cell efficiency tables (version 46). Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 23, 805–812 (2015).10.1002/pip.2637 ↗
17. Chiang, C. & Wu, C. Bulk heterojunction perovskite–PCBM solar cells with high fill factor. Nat. Photon. 10, 196–200 (2016).10.1038/nphoton.2016.3 ↗
18. Wang, K., Liu, C., Du, P., Zheng, J. & Gong, X. Bulk heterojunction perovskite hybrid solar cells with large fill factor. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 1245–1255 (2015).10.1039/C5EE00222B ↗
19. Xu, J. et al. Perovskite-fullerene hybrid materials suppress hysteresis in planar diodes. Nat. Commun. 6, 8081 (2015).10.1038/ncomms9081 ↗
20. Wu, Y. et al. Consecutive morphology controlling operations for highly reproducible mesostructured perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 20707–20713 (2015).10.1021/acsami.5b05576 ↗
21. Xiao, Z. et al. Solvent annealing of perovskite-induced crystal growth for photovoltaic-device efficiency enhancement. Adv. Mater. 26, 6503–6509 (2014).10.1002/adma.201401685 ↗
22. Jeon, N. J. et al. Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells. Nature 517, 476–480 (2015).10.1038/nature14133 ↗
23. Liu, J. et al. High-quality mixed-organic-cation perovskites from a phase-pure non-stoichiometric intermediate (FAI)1−x-PbI2 for solar cells. Adv. Mater. 27, 4918–4923 (2015).10.1002/adma.201501489 ↗
24. Zimmermann, E. et al. Erroneous efficiency reports harm organic solar cell research. Nat. Photon. 8, 669–672 (2014).10.1038/nphoton.2014.210 ↗
25. Chen, W. et al. Efficient and stable large-area perovskite solar cells with inorganic charge extraction layers. Science 350, 944–948 (2015).10.1126/science.aad1015 ↗
26. Seo, J. W. et al. Benefits of very thin PCBM and LiF layer for solution-processed P-I-N perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 2642–2646 (2014).10.1039/C4EE01216J ↗
27. Eperon, G. E. et al. Formamidinium lead trihalide: a broadly tunable perovskite for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 982–988 (2014).10.1039/c3ee43822h ↗
28. Davis, R. J. et al. Determination of energy level alignment at interfaces of hybrid and organic solar cells under ambient environment. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 1721–1729 (2011).10.1039/C0JM02349C ↗
29. Hodes, G. & Kamat, P. V. Understanding the implication of carrier diffusion length in photovoltaic cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 4090–4092 (2015).10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02052 ↗
30. Snaith, H. J. et al. Anomalous hysteresis in perovskite solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, 1511–1515 (2014).10.1021/jz500113x ↗
31. Kim, H. et al. Control of I–V hysteresis in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 4633–4639 (2015).10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02273 ↗
32. Jeon, N. J. et al. Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells. Nat. Mater. 13, 897–903 (2014).10.1038/nmat4014 ↗