SnO₂/Silver Nanowire/Polyimide Flexible Transparent Conductive Films for Double-Sided Perovskite Solar Cells and Heaters

In recent years, thin-film manufacturing has required highly solution-processable and flexible transparent electrodes. Transparent conductive films with high stability were prepared in this work by embedding silver nanowires (AgNWs) in tin oxide (SnO 2 )-modified colorless polyimide for double-sided perovskite solar cells and heaters. The composite conductive films exhibit good light transmittance over 80% at 550 nm ( T 550 ) conductivity with the lowest sheet resistance of 10.0 Ω sq –1 and a smooth surface with a root-mean-squared roughness of 13.3 nm. The anticipated interaction between AgNWs and CPI mediated by metallic oxide (SnO 2 ) has been achieved through the reduction of hydrophobicity by SnO 2 on CPI. With a heat resistance exceeding 200 °C, CPI exhibits enhanced adhesive properties following optimized heat treatment at 210 °C, resulting in the formation of a substantial composite structure. The conductive layer can withstand 10 cycles of peeling experiments without peeling off. Furthermore, the top layer also selects SnO 2 to smooth the stacking AgNWs networks. The complete coverage is used to passivate the surface defects of the electrode. Double-sided perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are fabricated based on the composite transparent electrode. The power conversion efficiency for the PSCs of 6.34% is attained close to the ITO side (8.72%). A flexible transparent heater was successfully constructed, which could reach up to 85 °C within a short response time (250 s).