Programmable Electrohydrodynamic Printing of Pt–CNTs Nanointerfaces via In Situ Thermal Regulation for High-Fidelity Biosensing

The accurate simultaneous detection of uric acid (UA) and dopamine (DA) remains a challenge in clinical diagnostics due to the insufficient sensitivity and selectivity of conventional electrodes. Herein, we present a programmable electrohydrodynamic jet (E-Jet) printing strategy that incorporates in situ thermal regulation to dynamically control ink properties and substrate interactions, enabling the high-resolution fabrication of platinum-carbon nanotube (Pt-CNTs) nanoarchitectures. This manufacturing process is synergistically optimized by a machine-learning model, which predicts and controls printed feature sizes with micrometre precision, ensuring exceptional reproducibility. Complementing the fabrication advance, molecular dynamics simulations uncover the origin of the enhanced electrochemical activity, revealing efficient charge transfer mediated by strong Pt-CNTs interfacial coupling. The resulting sensor achieves ultrasensitive and selective simultaneous detection of UA and DA, with detection limits of 0.08 μM and 0.1 μM, respectively, representing a > 50% sensitivity enhancement. It maintains robust performance in serum and across physiological pH ranges. This work establishes a closed-loop methodology that integrates programmable printing, data-driven optimization, and mechanistic simulation for the rational design of advanced electrochemical interfaces.