Formation mechanism of Ruddlesden–Popper faults in compressive-strained ABO ₃ perovskite superlattices

Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) faults have emerged as a promising candidate for defect engineering in epitaxial ABO₃ perovskites. Functionalities could be fine-tuned by incorporating RP faults into ABO₃ thin films and superlattices. However, due to the lattice expansion at AO-AO interfaces, it is generally believed that RP faults are only energetically favorable under tensile strain. Contrary to this common cognition, here we present that compressive strain must be regarded as an alternative driving force for creating RP faults. Unlike the conventional perovskite-to-rock-salt transition, the RP faults originated from Shockley partial dislocations bounded by stacking faults on the basal plane. The edge-type partials gave rise to strain relaxation, facilitating the formation of RP faults under compressive strain. We envisage that our results will give new insights into the rational design and defect engineering in epitaxial-strained ABO₃ perovskites.