Dual-function electrodes for photo-rechargeable batteries: mechanisms, designs, and applications

Photo-rechargeable batteries emerge as an integrated solution for simultaneous solar energy harvesting and storage. Central to these systems are dual-function electrode materials that intrinsically combine photoactivity and ion storage capabilities. Through synergistic interactions with electrolytes, these materials enable efficient energy conversion and storage, demonstrating significant potential for next-generation energy technologies. This review begins by exploring the synergistic operating mechanisms of dual-function electrode materials in photo-rechargeable batteries. It then delves into design strategies for both inorganic and organic electrodes, emphasizing on hierarchical structures and atomic-scale interface engineering to optimize light absorption and ion transport. Subsequently, we examine their implementation in photovoltaic devices, focusing specifically on dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells, and evaluate their primary applications in photo-rechargeable batteries. The findings presented in this work offer valuable insights into the future potential of next-generation photo-rechargeable batteries.