Rational Design and Biological Applications of Ternary Copper–Iron–Sulfur/Selenium Nanomaterials

Advances in nanotechnology within modern medicine have driven the development of integrated multimodal diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, enabled early disease detection and precise treatment while concurrently minimized the unnecessary consumption of medical resources. Ternary copper-iron chalcogenide (CuFeS/Se) nanomaterials have emerged as a new focal point in biomedical research, owing to their unique physical and chemical properties that induce excellent multimodel theranostic applicability. These nanomaterials exhibit remarkable functionalities in optics, magnetism, and catalysis, enabling their versatile applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in CuFeS/Se nanomaterials for biomedical applications, with a particular focus on their roles in multimodal imaging, tumor therapy, targeted drug delivery, and antibacterial applications, as well as their biosafety, biocompatibility, challenges, and future prospects in clinical settings.