Zinc Doping Engineering in Zn_xFe_3–xO₄ Heterostructures for Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy in the Near-Infrared-II Region

Currently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is restricted by the laser penetration depth. Except for PDT at 1064 nm wavelength excitation, the development of other NIR-II-activated nanomaterials with a higher response depth is still hindered and rarely reported in the literature. To overcome these problems, we fabricated a nanoplatform with heterostructures that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ferrite nanoparticles under a high concentration of zinc doping (Zn x Fe 3– x O 4 NPs), which can achieve oxidative damage of tumor cells under near-infrared (NIR) illumination. The recombination of photoelectrons and holes has been markedly inhibited due to the formation of heterostructures in the interfaces, thus greatly enhancing the capability for ROS and oxygen production by modulating the single-component doping content. The efficiency of PDT was verified by in vivo and in vitro assays under NIR light. Our results revealed that NIR-II (1208 nm) light irradiation of Zn x Fe 3– x O 4 NPs exerted a remarkable antitumor activity, superior to NIR-I light (808 nm). More importantly, the reported Zn x Fe 3– x O 4 NPs strategy provides an opportunity for the success of comparison with light in the first and second near-infrared regions.