Homogeneous Catalytic Process of a Heterogeneous Ru Catalyst in Li–O₂ via X-ray Nanodiffraction Observation

In recent years, lithium oxygen batteries (Li–O 2 ) have received considerable research attention due to their extremely high energy density. However, the poor conductivity and ion conductivity of the discharge product lithium peroxide (Li 2 O 2 ) result in a high charging overpotential, poor cycling stability, and low charging rate. Therefore, studying and improving catalysts is a top priority. This study focuses on the commonly used heterogeneous catalyst ruthenium (Ru). The local distribution of this catalyst is controlled by using sputtering technology. Moreover, X-ray nanodiffraction is applied to observe the relationship between the decomposition of Li 2 O 2 and the local distribution of Ru. Results show that Li 2 O 2 decomposes homogeneously in liquid systems and heterogeneously in solid-state systems. This study finds that the catalytic effect of Ru is related to electrolyte decomposition and that its soluble byproducts act as electron acceptors or redox mediators, effectively reducing charging overpotential but also shortening the cycle life.