Acid-Directed Electrostatic Self-Assembly Generates Charge-Reversible Bacteria for Enhanced Tumor Targeting and Low Tissue Trapping

Despite recent preclinical progress with oncolytic bacteria in cancer therapy, dose-limiting toxicity has been a long-standing challenge for clinical application. Genetic and chemical modifications for enhancing the bacterial tumor-targeting ability have been unable to establish a balance between increasing its specificity and effectiveness while decreasing side effects. Herein, we report a simple, highly efficient method for rapidly self-assembling a clinically used lipid on bacterium and for reducing its minimum effective dose and toxicity to normal organs. The resultant bacteria present the ability to reverse-charge between neutral and acidic solutions, thus enabling weak interactions with the negatively charged normal cells, hence increasing their biocompatibility with blood cells and with the immune system. Additionally, the lipid-coated bacteria exhibit a longer blood circulation lifetime and low tissue trapping compared with the wild-type strains. Thereby, the engineered bacteria show enhanced tumor specificity and effectiveness even at low doses. Multiple visualization techniques are used for vividly demonstrating the time course of bacterial circulation in the blood and normal organs after intravenous administration. We believe that these methods for biointerfacial lipid self-assembly and evaluation of bacterial systemic circulation possess vast potential in exquisitely fabricating engineered bacteria for cancer therapy in the future.