3D Hybrid Trilayer Heterostructure: Tunable Au Nanorods and Optical Properties

Engineering plasmonic nanostructures from three dimensions (3D) is very attractive toward controllable and tunable nanophotonic components and devices. Herein, Au-based trilayer heterostructures composed of a dielectric spacer sandwiched by hybrid Au–TiN vertically aligned nanocomposite (VAN) nanoplasmonic claddings are demonstrated with a broad range of geometries and property tuning. Two types of spacer layers, that is, a pure dielectric BaTiO3 layer and a hybrid plasmonic Au–BaTiO3 VAN layer, contribute to the tuning of the Au nanorod dimension. Such geometrical variations of Au nanostructures originate from the surface energy and lattice strain tuned by the spacer layers. Optical measurements and numerical simulations suggest the change of the localized surface plasmon resonance which is strongly affected by the tailored Au nanorods as either separated or channeled. The uniaxial dielectric tensors suggest a tunable hyperbolic property affected by such a metal–insulator–metal trilayer stack. The complex 3D heterostructures offer additional tuning parameters and design flexibilities in hybrid plasmonic metamaterials toward potential applications in light harvesting, sensing, and nanophotonic devices.