DNA Modulates the Interaction of Genetically Engineered DNA-Binding Proteins and Gold Nanoparticles: Diagnosis of High-Risk HPV Infection

Gene detection has an important role in diagnosing several serious diseases and genetic defects in modern clinical medicine. Herein, we report a fast and convenient gene detection method based on the modulation of the interaction between a heat-resistant double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-binding protein (Sso7d) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). We prepared a recombinant Cys-Sso7d, which is Sso7d with an extra cysteine (Cys) residue in the N-terminus, through protein engineering to control the interaction between Sso7d and Au NPs. Cys-Sso7d exhibited a stronger affinity for Au NPs and more easily induced the aggregation of Au NPs than Sso7d. In addition, Cys-Sso7d retained its ability to bind with dsDNA. The aggregation of Au NPs induced by Cys-Sso7d was diminished in the presence of dsDNA, which could be utilized as a transduction mechanism for the detection of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of human papillomavirus (HPV) gene fragments (HPV types 16 and 18). The Cys-Sso7d/Au NP probe could detect as few as 1 copy of the HPV gene. The sensitivity and specificity of the Cys-Sso7d/Au NP probe for Pap smear clinical specimens (n = 52) for HPV 16 and HPV 18 detection were 85.7%/100.0% and 85.7%/91.7%, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the Cys-Sso7d/Au NP probe can be used to diagnose high-risk HPV types in Pap smear samples with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.