Brighter, More Stable, and Less Toxic: A Host–Guest Interaction-Aided Strategy for Fabricating Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles and Applying Them in Bioimaging and Biosensing at the Cellular Level

The exploration of fluorescent tools with distinguished optical properties and favorable biocompatibility is significant for biosensing and bioimaging. We herein present a host-guest interactions aided strategy for fabricating fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNPs), which is enabled by cyclodextrin (CD) supermolecules. Compared with conventional FSNPs, the modified products (are named as fluorophore@CD@SNPs) possess several advantages. First, the incorporated fluorophores can thoroughly get rid of their intrinsic aggregation due to CD's inclusion effect, and the fluorescence intensity of the obtained fluorophore@CD@SNPs can enhance 48-67%. The fluorophores can then be well-fixed by the host CD molecules. As a result, the leak rates of the incorporated fluorophores are only 15-17%, which is about 3 times lower than that of conventional ones (42-48%). Notably, the as-prepared fluorophore@CD@SNPs show observable less cytotoxicity as compared with their conventional counterparts, probably due to the substantially decreased leakage of the incorporated fluorophores. Because of prominent properties and versatile fabrication, the proposed fluorophore@CD@SNPs not only possess better performances for cell-imaging but are competent for ratiometric sensing of pH value at living cell using (indicator-reference) integrative silica NPs.