Lithiation of Anodic Magnetite–Hematite Nanotubes Formed on Iron

Electrochemically active iron oxide nanotubes formed by anodization are of high interest as battery components in various battery systems due to their 1D geometry, offering high volume expansion tolerance and applications without the use of binders and conductive additives. This work takes a step forward toward understanding lithium-ion storage in 1D nanotubes through the analysis of differential capacity plots d( Q – Q 0 )·d E – 1 supported by in situ Raman spectroscopy observations. The iron oxide nanotubes were synthesized by anodizing polycrystalline iron and subsequently modified by thermal treatment in order to control the degree of crystallinity and the ratio of hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) to magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). The electrochemical fingerprints revealed a quasi-reversible lithiation/delithiation process through Li 2 O formation. Significant improvement in electrochemical performance was found to be related to the high degree of crystallinity and the increase of the hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) to magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) ratio. In situ mechanistic studies revealed a reversible reduction of iron oxide to metallic iron simultaneously with Li 2 O formation.