Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃ Nanocuboid@Reduced Graphene Oxide as an Ultrahigh-Rate and Superlong-Lifespan Cathode for Fast-Charging Sodium-Ion Batteries

Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 (NVPF) has been regarded as a favorable cathode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high voltage and stable structure. However, the limited electronic conductivity restricts its rate performance. NVPF@reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized by a facile microwave-assisted hydrothermal approach with subsequent calcination to shorten the hydrothermal time. NVPF nanocuboids with sizes of 50–150 nm distributed on rGO can be obtained, delivering excellent electrochemical performance such as a longevity life (a high capacity retention of 85.6% after 7000 cycles at 10 C) and distinguished rate capability (116 mAh g –1 at 50 C with a short discharging/charging time of 1.2 min). The full battery with a Cu 2 Se anode represents a capacity of 116 mAh g –1 at 0.2 A g –1 . The introduction of rGO can augment the electronic conductivity and advance the Na + diffusion speed, boosting the cycling and rate capability. Besides, the small lattice change (3.3%) and high structural reversibility during the phase transition process between Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 and NaV 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 testified by in situ X-ray diffraction are also advantageous for Na storage behavior. This work furnishes a simple method to synthesize polyanionic cathodes with ultrahigh rate and ultralong lifespan for fast-charging SIBs.