Electric-Eel-Type Bi-Ionic Gradient Battery

Electric eels generate electricity with a discharge voltage of up to 860 V under ionic gradients, providing a fascinating example to inspire viable and flexible power sources. However, hitherto reported eel-related devices are strictly restricted by complicated fabrication and environmental energy input. Herein, an electric-eel-type bi-ionic gradient battery (BGB) is performed by cationic and anionic polyelectrolyte hydrogels featuring simplified units and self-energy supply. Benefiting from ionic bonds with opposite charges in the polymer chain, bianion gradients as well as ion selective migration pathways are synchronously constructed and integrated units are enabled. As a result, an open-circuit voltage of 0.54 V and a short-circuit current density of 13 μA cm –2 are generated by a BGB unit. Moreover, a voltage output up to 60 V is derived from integrated BGB devices, demonstrating the potential to drive wearable and implantable electronics. In this case, these artificial electric systems could overcome the great challenges of environmentally friendly, biocompatible, low-cost, and soft power sources, providing in-depth insights into the development of clean and sustainable power generation technologies.