Graphene-Based Microelectrodes with Reinforced Interfaces and Tunable Porous Structures for Improved Neural Recordings

Invasive neural electrodes prepared from materials with a miniaturized geometrical size could improve the longevity of implants by reducing the chronic inflammatory response. Graphene-based microfibers with tunable porous structures have a large electrochemical surface area (ESA)/geometrical surface area (GSA) ratio that has been reported to possess low impedance and high charge injection capacity (CIC), yet control of the porous structure remains to be fully investigated. In this study, we introduce wet-spun graphene-based electrodes with pores tuned by sucrose concentrations in the coagulation bath. The electrochemical properties of thermally reduced rGO were optimized by adjusting the ratio of rGO to sucrose, resulting in significantly lower impedance, higher CIC, and higher charge storage capacity (CSC) in comparison to platinum microwires. Tensile and insertion tests confirmed that optimized electrodes had sufficient strength to ensure a 100% insertion success rate with a low angle shift, thus allowing precise implantation without the need for additional mechanical enhancement. Acute in vivo recordings from the auditory cortex found low impedance benefits from the recorded amplitude of spikes, leading to an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Ex vivo recordings from hippocampal brain slices demonstrate that it is possible to record and stimulate with graphene-based electrodes with good fidelity compared with conventional electrodes.