Customized Vascular Repair Microenvironment: Poly(lactic acid)-Gelatin Nanofibrous Scaffold Decorated with bFGF and Ag@Fe₃O₄ Core–Shell Nanowires

Vascular defects caused by trauma or vascular diseases can significantly impact normal blood circulation, resulting in serious health complications. Vascular grafts have evolved as a popular approach for vascular reconstruction with promising outcomes. However, four of the greatest challenges for successful application of small-diameter vascular grafts are (1) postoperative anti-infection, (2) preventing thrombosis formation, (3) utilizing the inflammatory response to the graft to induce tissue regeneration and repair, and (4) noninvasive monitoring of the scaffold and integration. The present study demonstrated a basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and oleic acid dispersed Ag@Fe 3 O 4 core–shell nanowires (OA-Ag@Fe 3 O 4 CSNWs) codecorated poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/gelatin (Gel) multifunctional electrospun vascular grafts (bAPG). The Ag@Fe 3 O 4 CSNWs have sustained Ag + release and exceptional photothermal capabilities to effectively suppress bacterial infections both in vitro and in vivo, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modality to monitor the position of the graft, and antiplatelet adhesion properties to promise long-term patency. The gradually released bFGF from the bAPG scaffold promotes the M2 macrophage polarization and enhances the recruitment of macrophages, endothelial cells (ECs) and fibroblast cells. This significant regulation of diverse cell behavior has been proven to be beneficial to vascular repair and regeneration both in vitro and in vivo . Therefore, this study supplies a method to prepare multifunctional vascular-repair materials and is expected to represent a significant guidance and reference to the development of biomaterials for vascular tissue engineering.