Waste Tea-Derived Theabrownins for Solar-Driven Steam Generation

Solar-driven seawater desalination has been considered an effective and sustainable solution to mitigate the global freshwater crisis. However, the substantial cost associated with photothermal materials for evaporator fabrication still hinders large-scale manufacturing for practical applications. Herein, we successfully obtained high yields of theabrownins (TB), which were oxidation polymerization products of polyphenols from waste and inferior tea leaves using a liquid-state fermentation strategy. Subsequently, a series of photothermal complexes were prepared based on the metal-phenolic networks assembled from TB and metal ions (Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II)). Also, the screened TB@Fe(III) complexes were directly coated on a hydrophilic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane to construct the solar evaporation device (TB@Fe(III)@PVDF), which not only demonstrated superior light absorption property and notable hydrophilicity but also achieved a high water evaporation rate of 1.59 kg m –2 h –1 and a steam generation efficiency of 90% under 1 sun irradiation. More importantly, its long-term stability and exceptionally low production cost enabled an important step toward the possibility of large-scale practical applications. We believe that this study holds the potential to pave the way for the development of sustainable and cost-effective photothermal materials, offering new avenues for utilization of agriculture resource waste and solar-driven water remediation.