Metal–Phosphate Bilayers for Anatase Surface Modification

Compared to many other metal oxides, anatase TiO 2 shows relatively lower reactivity toward carboxylic acid anchor groups. The latter is crucial for applications, for example, in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), where the most used dyes bind to the metal oxide surface through carboxylic acid terminations. To improve the surface reactivity, metal–phosphate bilayers of Ni or Co were synthesized on anatase TiO 2 compact oxide and nanotubes. In both cases, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that the bilayers were successfully formed and that the phosphate layer works as an intermediate between TiO 2 and the other species. ToF-SIMS depth profiles of modified nanotubes showed that Ni and Co are present through the whole tube length and reduce in content after heat treatment, in agreement with XPS results. Phosphate groups, on the other hand, are more present in the tubes’ depth, and their content on the surface is reduced upon exposure to temperature. The reactivity of the modified surfaces toward carboxylic acid-terminated molecules, as stearic acid and Ru-based N719 dye, was evaluated. Contact angle measurements together with dye desorption experiments demonstrated that the Co–phosphate bilayers heat-treated at 300 °C resulted in the largest enhancement compared to the reference. Bilayer-modified compact anatase TiO 2 and anatase TiO 2 nanotubes were utilized as photoanodes in DSSCs. An increase in efficiency was observed for all modified electrodes with phosphate–Co treatment, leading to the highest J SC values and an efficiency improvement of 48%.