A 3D printed in vitro bone model for the assessment of molecular and cellular cues in metastatic neuroblastoma

Metastasis is a complex and multifactorial process highly dependent on the interaction between disseminated tumor cells and the pre-metastatic niche. The metastatic sites detected in the bone of patients affected by neuroblastoma (NB), a malignancy of the developing sympathetic nervous system, are particularly aggressive. To improve our current knowledge of metastatic tumor cell biology and improve treatment success, appropriate in vitro and in vivo models that more closely resemble the native metastatic niche are needed. In this study, the impact of the geometry of synthetic β-tricalcium-phosphate (β-TCP) structures on the interaction of NB tumor cells with the stromal component has been examined. The tumor microenvironment is dynamically shaped by the stroma, which sustains the growth of NB cells inside the metastatic niche. The 3D growth conditions are a determining factor for the cell proliferation rate in β-TCP. With respect to planar counterparts, channeled 3D β-TCP structures stimulate more interleukin-6 and Fibronectin production and define Connexin 43 distribution inside the cells. Together, these results highlight how the biomechanical properties of the 3D microenvironment enable tumor cells to form spheroid-shaped arrangements. This, in turn, facilitates their pro-migratory and pro-invasive patterns and mimics the in vivo situation by translating realistic mechanobiological cues to the metastatic NB.